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Thursday, September 25th, 2008
5:48 pm	Gundam (mobile suit)   The RX-78 Gundam is a series of fictional testbed mobile suits in the Gundam Universal Century developed by the Earth Federation. The titular mobile suit of the series, the RX-78-2 Gundam, is a member of this series. The RX-78-2 Gundam serves as the iconic symbol of the Gundam universe and sparked the creation of its multiple sequels and spinoffs. Concepts and development The RX-78's initial concept was that of a powered armor, the primary design for Yoshiyuki Tomino's proposed series Freedom Fighter Gunboy. The series later changed its name to Mobile Suit Gundam and Kunio Okawara was given Tomino's concept to shape into a finalized design for the anime. Okawara created multiple designs before settling on the current, samurai-styled design for the anime in 1979. One of the common questions asked is why did the enemies in the series keep referring to the RX-78-2 as White while it is a mix of blue, red, and white. Tomino's response in the novel version of Gundam is that the original design was to be a grayscale machine, made up of mostly white and light gray colouring. However, Sunrise disapproved of the colouring and insisted the unit to be painted in brighter colours to attract attention, like other Super Robot anime at that time. The original design of the three primary mobile suits, "Gundam" (left), "Guncannon" (center) and "Guntank" (right) Although the 'original' Gundam, the RX-78-2 design was expanded to be the second in a line of 8 Gundams; preceding model RX-78-1 and later models RX-78-3~8. These were designed by Okawara between 1980 and 1983 for Mobile Suit Variations. Other mechnical designers later added further design variations; including Yutaka Izubuchi's RX-78-NT-1, designed in 1989 for Mobile Suit Gundam 0080, and Shoji Kawamori's and Hajime Katoki's Gundam Development Project designs in 1992 for Gundam 0083. The RX-78-2 has also been redesigned several times by other artists. In particular, the Hajime Katoki's version of the Gundam (referred to by Gundam fans and Bandai themselves as Ver. Ka) has become popular enough to be made into both injection plastic model kits sold by Bandai and resin-based garage kits sold by their B-Club subsidiary. Okawara himself redesigned the Gundam for original character designer Yoshikazu Yasuhiko's manga Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin, a retelling of the events of the original series. Though mostly identical to the original, it features slightly different designs for its weapons, a small vulcan pod in its shoulder, and the ability to replace one of the beam sabers stored in its backpack with a cannon similar to that of the Guncannon. In addition, the fifteenth installment of the Gundam Evolve series of shorts features another variation on the RX-78's design, a highly stylized version of the iconic machine based on "modern" design aesthetics. It has been referred as Ver. Evolve 15. The continuing popularity in Japan of this mobile suit has led Bandai to create a 1.5m tall model version, which will go on sale in Japan in 2007.[1] The Japan Self-Defense Forces built an approximately full scale RX-78-3 Gundam with styrofoam in its show and contains a simulation pod.[2] Gundam Expo (Hong Kong) uses the RX-78's last shooting scene in its logo's X.[3] Role in plot The deployment of the Principality of Zeon's mobile suits, the MS-05B Zaku I and the MS-06F Zaku II, in the One Year War had given the small nation a major tactical edge over the much larger Earth Federation. Capable of propellant-less manoeuvring thanks to their AMBAC systems, and able to be retrofitted to suit a variety of missions and environments, they easily outclassed the Federation's arsenal of fighters and ground vehicles. Realizing that the gap needed to be closed, the Federation instituted Project V (short for "Project Victory"), a development program that would produce a counterpart Federation mobile suit design, with the ability for mass-production a requirement. While the ultimate result of the program was the RGM-79 GM, the engineers in the project tested several design concepts for the mass-production units in the RX-78 series. Some of the developments in the RX-78 models were later incorporated into the GM line, but many were scrapped due to cost and/or complexity. Only 8 RX-78 suits were produced during the One Year War, although continual remodelling and upgrading created the impression that there were more than eight units. Although the RX-78 suits are designated RX-78-1~8, the final digit indicated the design version of the unit, and not the unit's actual number. In addition, the EFAF (Earth Federation Air Force) created their own RX-78E (GT FOUR/Gundam Transformer/Flight & Operations Unifications Reactors), which is different from the 8 RX-78s produced. Another extra unit is the RX-78XX, which uses scrap parts of the RX-78s, and again is not considered to be one of the original line. The NT-1 is actually RX-78 unit 4 remodelled (original model unknown). After the One Year War, the GP series are numbered after the RX-78 convention, despite being newly produced units. The variation among the Gundams was originally indicated by differences in colouration, indicating upgrades to completely internal equipment and technology, although later variants displayed externally-visible upgrades. For example, Unit 4's NT-1 configuration have extra thrusters, additional armor, and a 360 degree panoramic cockpit, while Unit 4 and Unit 5, which exist mainly in games and as model kits, provide additional mounting points and weaponry. The RX-78 series introduced Minovsky particle weaponry to mobile suits, developing and deploying the first successful beam rifle and beam saber. These would form the primary component of mobile suit weaponry for at least the next hundred and fifty years. The core block system was also introduced in the RX-78, as well as the RX-75 Guntank and RX-77 Guncannon. This system allowed the pilot to escape the destruction of his mobile suit in a functional aerospace fighter, as well as housing a learning computer that can gather performance data from the suit's combat sorties. This however had to be dropped from subsequent units due to cost issues. However, it was reused on occasion (most notably in the Anaheim Electronics MSZ-010 Double Zeta Gundam during the First Neo-Zeon War), and later resurrected by the League Militaire in the UC 0150s on the LM312V04 Victory Gundam. After the cessation of the One Year War, the Federation opened up a black-ops mobile suit development program, the Gundam Development Project, in order to develop mobile suits to fill roles that had appeared in analysis of combat operations from the One Year War. The major reason that the project was designated black-op was because of the RX-78GP02A Gundam Physalis, which was armed with an atomic bazooka, in violation of the Antarctic Treaty. After the events of Gundam 0083, all details of the Gundam Development Project were stricken from the official records. The RX-78 line was finally superseded in UC 0087 by the RX-178 Gundam Mk-II, developed by the Titans. Variations RX-78-1 Prototype Gundam First appeared as part of the Mobile Suit Variations model kit series and designed by Kunio Okawara. Used to test the basic armaments and functions for the final Gundam design, it is nearly cosmetically identical to the Gundam seen in the original series, other than a different color scheme, a simplified beam rifle, a different forearm design, and corrugation on its ankle armor. Before the events of the animation all units of this type were upgraded to the famous RX-78-2 model. The version of the Prototype Gundam from the manga Gundam: The Origin, production code RX-78-01, looks considerably different from Kunio Okawara's version drawn in 1983. While still recognizably a Gundam, it is chiefly a cream color with dark grey accents. The pair of eyes seen on the RX-78-02's head are replaced by a goggle-like visor, and it is seen with a large cannon on its backpack in volume 1 of the manga, its only appearance in the story. In the manga, it sees a few fleeting moments of combat in Side 7 with a Zaku before both are destroyed. RX-78-3 G-3 Gundam First appeared as part of the Mobile Suit Variations model kit series and designed by Kunio Okawara. This variant fulfilled the role of the RX-78-2 in the novel version of Mobile Suit Gundam where partway through the story the RX-78-2 was lost in combat. In terms of the official canon, it is a testbed Mobile Suit, built using the remains of other RX-78 units and used to test Mosk Han's magnet coating technology. The G-3 is cosmetically identical to the RX-78-2 Gundam, save for a new color scheme (grey and blue in the line art, grey and violet in more recent merchandise). Because it is identical to the RX-78-2, the G-3 is a fairly common variant in model and action figure form, either with full commercial releases or as limited edition figures and models. RX-78-4 Gundam G04 First appeared as part of Kunio Okawara's MS Collection original design series, released in book form shortly after Char's Counterattack. The design was updated by Hajime Katoki for use in the Playstation 2 game Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters In Space. Its main weapon is a mega beam launcher, giving it firepower equivalent to a capital ship. Piloted by Lieutenand Junior Grade Luce Kassel, the G04 was nearly destroyed in an assault on an enemy force launching from the Moon. Its mega beam launcher was able to destroy the fleet, but not without injuring Luce. Encounters in Space explores two variations. One where Luce dies and the spare parts of G04 are used to make the Booster equipped G05, which protected Prime Minister Darcia Bakharov's Chivvay on its way ot the moon, and another where Luce lives and G04 and G05 serve in the Battle of A Baoa Qu. RX-78-5 Gundam G05 First appeared as part of Kunio Okawara's MS Collection original design series. The design was updated by Hajime Katoki for be use in the Playstation 2 game Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters In Space. The G05 acts as a backup unit for the G04, using a Gatling gun rather than the mega beam launcher. Encounters in Space explres two variations for the G05, based o on whether or not Luce Kassel survives the mega beam launcher mission. If Luce dies, then G05 will defend Prime Minister Darcia Bakharov's ship until it reaches the Moon. If Luce survives, then G05 will serve in the Battle of A Baoa Qu, but will ultimately be destroyed by a stray shot from a Gelgoog. RX-78-6 Mudrock Gundam First appeared as part of Kunio Okawara's MS Collection original design series as the 6th Gundam. The design was updated by Hajime Katoki for use as a boss character in the Playstation 2 game Mobile Suit Gundam: Zeonic Front. A hybrid of the Gundam and Guncannon, its most notable design feature is a pair of 300 mm cannons on its shoulders. Another notable feature is that the mobile suit "hovers" rather than using it legs when moving, making it similar to Zeon's MS-09 Dom in terms of movement, making it a fearsome opponent. The Mudrock made its debut during the Battle of Jaburo, albeit incomplete. Piloted by the hotheaded Lieutenant Agar, the Mudrock was tasked with defending the Pegasus class battleship Blanc Rival from Zeon's elite Midnight Fenrir team. Despite a valiant effort, both the ship and the Gundam were heavily damaged by the elite squadron. Later during the recapture of California Base, Agar took the Mudrock out again, this time completed, against the Midnight Fenrir who were staying on Earth to defend the last Heavy Lifting Vehicle (HLV, a sort of heavy cargo-carrying space shuttle). Though the Mudrock wreaked havoc on the remaining defense forces, it was ultimately defeated once and for all by the Fenrir team. RX-78-7 7th Gundam First appeared as part of Kunio Okawara's MS Collection original design series, which was published after the movie Char's Counter Attack. It was said to be incomplete and only having the basic frame built within the One Year War. This unit is an attempt to have multiple hard points for attaching armour and specific equipment like the Full Armour (FA-78-3) and a second set of equipment that can be equipped on top of the first set and would have given it extremely high mobility and firepower equivalent to a battleship (FHA-78-3). This unit serves as a retcon technology link between the RX-78 and MSA-0011 S Gundam's Plan 303E Deep Striker variant, with RX-78GP03 as another linkage. RX-78NT-1 Gundam NT-1 "Alex" RX-78NT-1 Gundam NT-1 "Alex" Primary Mobile Suit featured in the 1989 OVA Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket OVA, designed by Yutaka Izubuchi. The first direct variant of the RX-78 to be animated (except for the Gundam Mk. II from Zeta Gundam), it helped pave the way for the appearance of other variants, such as those from Gundam 0083, as pivotal elements of the plot. In War in the Pocket, the Alex was developed to replace the RX-78-2, optimized for increased reaction time of Newtypes, though its test pilot was not a Newtype herself. With its panoramic cockpit, the Alex serves as a retconned technological link between the original series and Zeta Gundam. Offensively, the Alex sports large multi-barreled cannons concealed beneath the blue pods on either arm in addition to a pair of small Vulcan guns mounted on the head and the ubiquitous backpack-stored beam sabers. The Alex could be outfitted with a Chobham armour shell that offered it extra protection. Its data would be used for the GM Custom. The Chobham armour design would be used to reinforce the body of the GM Cannon II. Both of these later GM's appear in Gundam 0083, further bridging the gap between the original series and Zeta. RX-78NT-X NT-X One of SD Gundam G Generation Spirits's original units. An improved model of Gundam Alex, equipped with wire-guide bit, remote control weapon. RX-78XX Gundam Pixie Secondary Mobile Suit of the Mobile Suit Gundam: Cross Dimension 0079 video game, designed by Kunio Okawara. A light weight close combat variant, armed with beam knives and a sub-machine gun. PF-78-1 Perfect Gundam First appeared in manga Plamo Kyo-shiro, the first non-UC Gundam, in other media. It does have special armor plamo-kit build by Shiro Kyoda. Most it does appear in SD Gundam G Generation, as special unit, include the kit builder, Shiro Kyoda, as the pilot. It also appear in A.C.E. 3. The unit itself would later-rolled back to UC with a UC mecha setting due to its popularity. Basically it is similar to Full-Armor Gundam as having similar appearance, only with original colors. Since it is a Gundam Model, built for battle-simulation machines, it armaments departs from the other Gundam, which including a water-spray gun, an air-gun bullet Vulcan, and smoke grenades. Perfect Gundam's Armour can be detached in the battle and become a normal Gundam. 0 Gundam This is a slight edit of the RX-78-2 Gundam with a solar reactor, or GN Drive installed, appearing in the first and last episode of Mobile Suit Gundam 00. In the Anno Domini timeline, this was the first unit to have a GN Drive installed in the series. Not much else is know, because it only appears for a short while and it had it's GN Drive removed, put in side of a different unit, 00 Gundam. Pop culture The appearance of the unit is not limited to Gundam series. RX-78-2 Gundam is one of the basic units that appear in the Super Robot Wars series, ever since the first game for the Game Boy. [4] The RX-78-2 also receives multiple cameo appearances in the anime Sgt. Frog. [5] The current Bandai models' label classification also uses the head of the Gundam as its icon. Later anime series keep referencing the RX-78's proficiency in combat, by having a white mobile suit appearing in the middle of the battlefield, and anything white is often mistaken as a Gundam-type mobile suit along with the famous cry of "It's a Gundam!". This also appears in other anime; for example, in episode 9 of The Melancholy of Suzumiya Haruhi, the phrase is overheard while Tsuruya is searching for Mikuru. Pepsi campaign The RX-78 is a pop culture icon in Japan, to the point where Pepsi released several series of Pepsi bottles with special-edition bottle caps featuring miniature statues of various mobile suits from the many Gundam anime released over the years. [6][7] The RX-78 was one of three of these designs (the other two being both the normal Zaku and Char's red Zaku) to have multiple miniatures released during the first promotional campaign, including both a full-body sculpture and a sculpture of its bust. Japanese stamps The RX-78 Gundam was recognized as a culturally significant subject by the nation of Japan on October 23, 2000, with the inclusion of the suit and of the main pilot on two stamps in the 20th Century Stamp Series. [8] Additionally, this mobile suit and other notable machines from various Gundam series were recognized in the second set of "Anime Heroes and Heroines" stamps, released in 2005. It was one of only four franchises to be given the honor; the others were Pokémon, Galaxy Express 999, and Detective Conan. [9] Mitsubishi seminars As part of MHI Jobcon 2005 (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Job Convention 2005), a recruiting event of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, seminars were held in six Japanese cities. The topic of these seminars was "Mobile Suit Gundam Development Story"; which indicated the requirements and processes that Mitsubishi would have to implement if the company had been required to build an RX-78 mobile suit. [10] Gundam Evolve The RX-78-2 Gundam has been the featured mobile suit in two of the Gundam Evolve short films. The first Evolve short "RX-78-2 Gundam" featured it in a limited capacity, instead focusing on its pilot Amuro Ray, who reminisced about the previous battles he had gone through while waiting to sortie. The second short film to feature the Gundam is the 15th installment of the Evolve series, a remake of the episode "Newtype Challia Bull" from the original series. Instead of basing the CGI models on the original line art from the series, the Gundam was completely redesigned to fit a more modernized aesthetic. The other main mobile weapons in the short — the GM, Guncannon, and Challia Bull's Braw Bro — were also redesigned to a considerable degree. Fire Fighting Poster The RX-78-2 Gundam & 2 Medea transport planes were featured in a fire fighting poster in Japan. The RX-78-2 was equipped with water spraying equipment instead of weapons. Model Sales According to Katoki Hajime commenting the poles from Newtype (magazine), as quoted in Newtype magazine serialized Seed Club 4 koma short comic series, as of 26th August, 2005, the MG RX-78-2 Gundam Ver. 1.5 ranked TOP1 in Gundam Traditional MG because it is the best valued model if one wants to buy the original Gundam; and the MG RX-78-5 Gundam G05 ranked TOP1 in Easiest to build MG since its appearance in various games and Gundam Ace magazine, a lot of people liked the unit and although the design looks like the original Gundam, it does not carry the old stinkiness(古臭) feeling and is modeled specially for new model builders, gaining it fame in an easy building model kit category.[11] Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution According to Gundam-san 4 koma comic, the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution appearance is influenced by the RX-78-2 Gundam.[12] Ink and wash painting In 2008, the Ink and wash painting of Gundam drawn by Hisashi in 2005 was sold in the Christie's auction held in Hong Kong with a price of US$600000.[13][14] Gundam Crisis The RX 78-2 Gundam had a full 1/1 scale mock-up constructed for the theme park attraction Gundam Crisis. It costs 800 yen to go into the attraction and the attraction is basically a game where the players have to complete about 8 different missions within 8 minutes (1 minute per mission) in order to access the cockpit. If successful, players are shown a special, Gundam related video inside the cockpit. NOTE: charming pearl brooch fashion diamond brooch cotton crape kurti double el cap abercrombie & fitch fold reading glasses emergency fan belt crochet chenille hats cotton lurex stole diamond sanding belts denim jean lots four-colour flexible letter exhibition cover cap dragonfly cz brooch fashion animal belt cotton printed belts embossed silicone bracelets cold head belt denim cowboy hat el waist belt holographic ropp cap compatible inkjet overstock bangles & bracelets scarf & hat hematite/rock crystal bracelet dvd sun visor dioptric hole glasses hat & cap flame resistence coverall embroided leather belt (1 Comment |Comment on this)
5:42 pm	Diving suit A diving suit is a garment or device designed to protect a diver from the underwater environment. Modern diving suits can be divided into two kinds: "soft" or ambient pressure diving suits - examples are wetsuits, dry suits, semi-dry suits and dive skins "hard" or atmospheric pressure diving suits - an armored suit that permits a diver to remain at atmospheric pressure whilst operating at depth where the water pressure is high. Main article: atmospheric diving suits. Ambient pressure suits There are five main types of ambient pressure diving suits: wetsuits drysuits semi-dry suits dive skins hot water suits Apart from hot water suits, these types of suit are not exclusively used by divers but are often used for thermal protection by people engaged in other water sports activities such as surfing, sailing, powerboating, windsurfing, kite surfing, waterskiing, caving and swimming. Ambient pressure suits are a form of exposure protection protecting the wearer from the cold. They also provide some defence from abrasive and sharp objects as well as potentially harmful underwater life. They do not protect divers from the pressure of the surrounding water or resulting barotrauma and decompression sickness. The suits are often made from Neoprene, heavy-duty fabric coated with rubber, or PVC. Added buoyancy, created by the volume of the suit, is a side effect of diving suits. Sometimes a weightbelt must be worn to counteract this buoyancy. Some drysuits have controls allowing the suit to be inflated to reduce "squeeze" caused by increasing pressure; they also have vents allowing the excess air to be removed from the suit on ascent. Standard diving dress, a sixth type of ambient pressure diving suit, is now obsolete but is historically interesting. Wetsuits Wetsuits are relatively inexpensive, simple, Neoprene suits that are typically used where the water temperature is between 10 and 25 °C (50 to 80 °F). The foamed neoprene of the suit thermally insulates the wearer.[1][2] Although water can enter the suit, a tight fitting suit prevents excessive heat loss because little of the water warmed inside the suit escapes from the suit. Drysuits Drysuitsare used typically where the water temperature is between -2 and 15 °C (28 to 60 °F). Water is prevented from entering the suit by seals at the neck and wrists; also, the means of getting the suit on and off (typically a zipper) is waterproof. The suit insulates the wearer in one of two main ways: by maintaining pockets of air between the body and the cold water in standard air-containing fabric undergarments beneath the suit (in exactly the way that insulation garments work in air) or via (additional) foamed-neoprene material which contains insulative air, which may be incorporated into the outside of the drysuit itself. These mechanisms work in tandem; drysuits without neoprene foam require more undergarments. Semi-dry suits Semi-dry suits are used typically where the water temperature is between 10 and 20 °C (50 to 70 °F). They are effectively a thick wetsuit with better-than-usual seals at wrist, neck and ankles. The seals limit the volume of water entering and leaving the suit. The wearer gets wet in a semi-dry suit but the water that enters is soon warmed up and does not leave the suit readily, so the wearer remains warm. The trapped layer of water does not add to the suit's insulating ability. Any residual water circulation past the seals still causes heat loss. But semi-dry suits are cheap and simple compared to dry suits. They are made from thick Neoprene, which provides good thermal protection. They lose buoyancy and thermal protection as the trapped gas bubbles in the Neoprene compress at depth. Semi-dry suits can come in various configurations including a single piece or two pieces, made of 'long johns' and a separate 'jacket'. Semi dry suits do not usually include boots, so a separate pair of insulating boots are worn. Dive skins Dive skins are used when diving in water temperatures above 25 °C, 77 °F. They are made from Spandex and provide little thermal protection, but protect the skin from stings, abrasion and sunburn. This kind of suit is also known as a 'Stinger Suit'. Hot water suits Hot water suits are used in cold water commercial surface supplied diving.[6] An insulated pipe in the umbilical line, which links the diver to the surface support, carries the hot water down to the suit. The diver controls the flow rate of the water from a valve near the diver's waist. Pipes inside the suit transport the water to the limbs, front of the torso and back of the torso. Diving suit combinations Some divers wear a wetsuit under a membrane drysuit. Some divers wear a thin "shorty" wetsuit under a full wetsuit. Some divers wear a "skins" under a wetsuit. This practice started with divers (of both sexes) wearing women's body tights under a wetsuit to get a bit of extra warmth. Some divers don't wear anything under their wetsuit. NOTE: evening dress,dridal gown fashion knitted hats dvr pci express flashing heart earrings fashionable web belts imprint silicone bracelet heat sauna belt eva cowboy hat fibre hoisting belt children fashion costume handmade alloy earring elasticity acryl bracelet christmas neck ties floral handpainted sarong embroidered cotton cap fashion beret hat clip on necktie electric zero fighter hot compress belt cylindrical fuse links crocodile leather bracelet fashion zircon earring high quality hats fancy curtain scarf era,edhardy,coogi,ny,red monkey cap&hat fashion featured sunglasses fake fur scarves imported jacquard sherwani colorful fashion earring fox fur garments (Comment on this)
5:33 pm	Space suit Space suit from the 1969 Apollo 11 moonwalk Space suits being used in late 2006 to work on the ISS space station A space suit is a complex system of garments, equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space. This applies to extra-vehicular activity (EVA) outside spacecraft orbiting Earth and has applied to walking, and riding the Lunar Rover, on the Moon. Some of these requirements also apply to pressure suits worn for other specialized tasks, such as high-altitude reconnaissance flight. Above Armstrong's Line (~63,000 ft/~19,000 m), pressurized suits are needed in the sparse atmosphere. Hazmat suits that superficially resemble space suits are sometimes used when dealing with biological hazards. Spacesuit requirements A space suit must perform several functions to allow its occupant to work safely and comfortably. It must provide: A stable internal pressure. This can be less than earth's atmosphere, as there is usually no need for the spacesuit to carry nitrogen. Lower pressure allows for greater mobility, but introduces the requirement of pre-breathing to avoid decompression sickness. Mobility. Movement is typically opposed by the pressure of the suit; mobility is achieved by careful joint design. See the Theories of spacesuit design section. Breathable oxygen. Circulation of cooled and purified oxygen is controlled by the Primary Life Support System. Temperature regulation. Unlike on Earth, where heat can be transferred by convection to the atmosphere, in space heat can only be lost by thermal radiation or by conduction to objects in physical contact with the space suit. Since the temperature on the outside of the suit varies greatly between sunlight and shadow, the suit is heavily insulated, and the temperature inside the suit is regulated by a Liquid Cooling Garment in contact with the astronaut's skin, as well as air temperature maintained by the Primary Life Support System. Shielding against ultraviolet radiation Limited shielding against particle radiation Protection against small micrometeoroids, provided by a Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment, which is the outermost layer of the suit A communication system Means to recharge and discharge gases and liquids Means to maneuver, dock, release, and/or tether onto spacecraft Means of collecting and containing solid and liquid waste (such as a Maximum Absorbency Garment) Operating pressure Generally, to supply enough oxygen for respiration, a spacesuit using pure oxygen must have a pressure of about 4.7 psi (32.4 kPa), equal to the 3 psi (20.7 kPa) partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, plus 40 torr (5.3 kPa) CO2 and 47 torr (6.3 kPa) water vapor pressure, both of which must be subtracted from the alveolar pressure to get alveolar oxygen partial pressure in 100% oxygen atmospheres, by the alveolar gas equation.[1] The latter two figures add to 87 torr (11.6 kPa, 1.7 psi), which is why many modern spacesuits do not use 3 psi, but 4.7 psi (this is a slight overcorrection, as alveolar partial pressures at sea level are not a full 3 psi, but a bit less). In spacesuits that use 3 psi, the astronaut gets only 3 - 1.7 = 1.3 psi (9 kPa) of oxygen, which is about the alveolar oxygen partial pressure attained at an altitude of 6100 ft (1860 m) above sea level. This is about 78% of normal sea level pressure, about the same as pressure in a commercial passenger jet aircraft, and is the realistic lower limit for safe ordinary space suit pressurization which allows reasonable work capacity. Theories of spacesuit design A space suit should allow its user natural unencumbered movement. Nearly all designs try to maintain a constant volume no matter what movements the wearer makes. This is because mechanical work is needed to change the volume of a constant pressure system. If flexing a joint reduces the volume of the spacesuit, then the astronaut must do extra work every time he bends that joint, and he has to maintain a force to keep the joint bent. Even if this force is very small, it can be seriously fatiguing to constantly fight against your suit. It also makes delicate movements very difficult. The work required to bend a joint is dictated by the formula where Vi and Vf are respectively the initial and final volume of the joint, P is the pressure in the suit, and W is the resultant work. Because pressure is dictated by life support requirements, the only means of reducing work is to minimize the change in volume. All space suit designs try to minimize or eliminate this problem. The most common solution is to form the suit out of multiple layers. The bladder layer is a rubbery, airtight layer much like a balloon. The restraint layer goes outside the bladder, and provides a specific shape for the suit. Since the bladder layer is larger than the restraint layer, the restraint takes all of the stresses caused by the pressure inside the suit. Since the bladder is not under pressure, it will not "pop" like a balloon, even if punctured. The restraint layer is shaped in such a way that bending a joint causes pockets of fabric, called "gores", to open up on the outside of the joint, while folds called "convolutes" fold up on the inside of the joint. The gores make up for the volume lost on the inside of the joint, and keep the suit at a nearly constant volume. However, once the gores are opened all the way, the joint cannot be bent any further without a considerable amount of work. In some Russian space suits, strips of cloth were wrapped tightly around the cosmonaut's arms and legs outside the spacesuit to stop the spacesuit from ballooning when in space. The outermost layer of a space suit, the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment, provides thermal insulation, protection from micrometeoroids, and shielding from harmful solar radiation. There are three theoretical approaches to suit design: Hard-shell suits Hard-shell suits are usually made of metal or composite materials. While they resemble suits of armor, they are also designed to maintain a constant volume. However they tend to be difficult to move, as they rely on bearings instead of bellows over the joints, and often end up in odd positions that must be manipulated to regain mobility. Mixed suits Mixed suits have hard-shell parts and fabric parts. NASA's Extravehicular Mobility Unit uses a fiberglass Hard Upper Torso (HUT) and fabric limbs. ILC Dover's I-Suit replaces the hard upper torso with a fabric soft upper torso to save weight, restricting the use of hard components to the joint bearings, helmet, waist seal, and rear entry hatch. Virtually all workable spacesuit designs incorporate hard components, particularly at interfaces such as is the waist seal, bearings, and in the case of rear-entry suits, the back hatch, where all-soft alternatives are not viable. Skintight suits Skintight suits, also known as mechanical counterpressure suits or space activity suits, are a proposed design which would use a heavy elastic body stocking to compress the body. The head is in a pressurized helmet, but the rest of the body is pressurized only by the elastic effect of the suit. This eliminates the constant volume problem, reduces the possibility of a space suit depressurization and gives a very lightweight suit. However, these suits are very difficult to put on and face problems with providing a constant pressure everywhere. Most proposals use the body's natural sweat to keep cool. Contributing technologies Related preceding technologies include the gas mask used in WWII, the oxygen mask used by pilots of high flying bombers in WWII, the high altitude or vacuum suit required by pilots of the Lockheed U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird, the diving suit, rebreather, scuba diving gear, and many others. The development of the spheroidal dome helmet was key in balancing the need for field of view, pressure compensation, and low weight. One inconvenience with some spacesuits is the head being fixed facing forwards and being unable to turn to look sideways. Astronauts call this effect "alligator head". Chinese suit models Shuguang EVA space suit. First generation EVA space suit developed by China for the 1967 Project 714 manned space program. Weighing about 10 kilograms, of orange colour, made of high-resistance multi-layers polyester fabric. The astronaut could use it inside the cabin and conduct EVA as well. [3][4][5] Project 863 EVA space suit. Cancelled project of second generation Chinese EVA space suit. [6] Shenzhou 5 space suit. The suit worn by Yang Liwei on Shenzhou 5, the first manned Chinese space flight, closely resembles a Sokol-KV2 suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit. Shenzhou 6 space suit. Pictures show that the suits worn by Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng on Shenzhou 6 differ in detail from the earlier suit, they are also reported to be lighter. Haiying EVA space suit. The imported Russian Orlan-M EVA suit is called Haiying (海鹰号航天服). Feitian EVA space suit (飞天号航天服). New generation indigenously developed Chinese-made EVA space suit to be used for the Shenzhou 7 mission. [7] New space suits for the extravehicular activity (舱外航天服) will be used, notably made with intelligent materials (“聪明材”).[1]. The suit is designed for a spacewalk mission of up to seven hours.[8]The astronauts had been training in the out-of-capsule space suits since July 2007, and movements are seriously restricted in the suits, with a mass of more than 110 kilograms each.[9] Shenzhou 5 space suit Emerging technologies Several companies and universities are developing technologies and prototypes which represent improvements over current spacesuits. Mark III The Mark III is a NASA prototype, constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates a hard lower torso section and a mix of soft and hard components. The Mark III is markedly more mobile than previous suits, despite its high operating pressure (8.3 psi/57 kPa), which makes it a "zero-prebreathe" suit, meaning that astronauts would be able to transition directly from a one atmosphere, mixed-gas space station environment, such as that on the International Space Station, to the suit, without risking decompression sickness, which can occur with rapid depressurization from an atmosphere containing Nitrogen or another inert gas. I-Suit The I-Suit is a spacesuit prototype also constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates several design improvements over the EMU, including a weight-saving soft upper torso. Both the Mark III and the I-Suit have taken part in NASA's annual Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) field trials, during which suit occupants interact with one another, and with rovers and other equipment. Bio-Suit Bio-Suit is a space activity suit under development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which as of 2006 consists of several lower leg prototypes. Bio-suit is custom fit to each wearer, using laser body scanning. MX-2 The MX-2 is a space suit analogue constructed at the University of Maryland's Space Systems Laboratory. The MX-2 is used for manned neutral buoyancy testing at the Space Systems Lab's Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility. By approximating the work envelope of a real EVA suit, without meeting the requirements of a flight-rated suit, the MX-2 provides an inexpensive platform for EVA research, compared to using EMU suits at facilities like NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. The MX-2 has an operating pressure of 2.5–4 psi. It is a rear-entry suit, featuring a fiberglass hard upper torso. Air, LCG cooling water, and power are open loop systems, provided through an umbilical. The suit includes a mac mini to capture sensor data, such as suit pressure, inlet and outlet air temperatures, and heart rate.[10] Resizable suit elements and adjustable ballast allow the suit to accommodate subjects ranging in height from 68 in. to 75 in., and with a weight range of 120 lb (54 kg).[11] North Dakota suit Beginning in May 2006, five North Dakota schools collaborated on a new spacesuit prototype, funded by a $100,000 grant from NASA, to demonstrate technologies which could be incorporated into a planetary suit. The suit was tested in the Theodore Roosevelt National Park badlands of western North Dakota. The suit weighs 47 pounds without a life support backpack, and costs only a fraction of the standard $22,000,000[citation needed] cost for a flight-rated NASA spacesuit. The suit was developed in just over a year by students from the University of North Dakota, North Dakota State, Dickinson State, the state College of Science and Turtle Mountain Community College.[12] The mobility of the North Dakota suit can be attributed to its low operating pressure; while the North Dakota suit was field tested at a pressure of 1 psi differential, NASA's EMU suit operates at a pressure of 4.7 psi, a pressure designed to supply approximately sea-level oxygen partial pressure for respiration (see discussion above). NASA Constellation Space Suit system On August 2, 2006, NASA indicated plans to issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design, development, certification, production, and sustaining engineering of the Constellation Space Suit to meet the needs of Project Constellation.[13] NASA foresees a single suit capable of supporting: survivability during launch, entry and abort; zero-gravity EVA; lunar surface EVA; and Mars surface EVA. On June 11, 2008, NASA awarded a $745 million contract to Oceaneering International to create the new spacesuit. [14] Suitports A suitport is a theoretical alternative to an airlock, designed for use in hazardous environments and in human spaceflight, especially planetary surface exploration. In a suitport system, a rear-entry space suit is attached and sealed against the outside of a spacecraft, such that an astronaut can enter and seal up the suit, then go on EVA, without the need for an airlock or depressurizing the spacecraft cabin. Suitports require less mass and volume than airlocks, provide dust mitigation, and prevent cross-contamination of the inside and outside environments. Patents for suitport designs were filed in 1996 by Philip Culbertson Jr. of NASA's Ames Research Center and in 2003 by Joerg Boettcher, Stephen Ransom, and Frank Steinsiek.[15][16] Spacesuits in fiction For as long as there has been fiction set in space, authors have tried to describe or depict the space suits worn by their characters. These fictional suits vary in appearance and technology, and range from the highly authentic to the utterly improbable. A very early fictional account of space suits can be seen in the book Edison's Conquest of Mars (1898). Later comic book series such as Buck Rogers (1930s) and Dan Dare (1950s) also featured their own takes on space suit design. Science fiction authors such as Robert A. Heinlein contributed to the development of fictional space suit concepts. NOTE: iceland yarn scarf computer case stocklot fashionable silk scarves Women s Cap Woman s Belt hdpe twist tie cookie stud earring illuminated baseball caps fashion red earring color printing cap eva cartoon sunglasses fashionable winter scarf chinese traditional garments Silver Novelty Bracelets fleece baseball caps Soccer Shirts Uniforms cool knitted hats Man Shoes Wedding Knitting Beanie Hats Sanitary Pads Belts Hand Crocheted Hats crepe fabric overalls Pashmina Jamawar Shawls Army Paper Hats cashmere cable hat Customizing Baseball Hats Fabric Bridal Evening Pattern Towel Robe Women's Carnival Costumes see through kaftan (Comment on this)
5:26 pm	Snowboarding jacket A snowboarding jacket is a piece of clothing worn by athletes and people who are into the sport of snowboarding. And since it can be quite chilly up in the snow-covered slopes, and more especially so as one rushes down the slants, a protective gear should be worn. Elements of a Snowboarding Jacket There are many types of snowboarding jackets, with various features as well. However, there are a few standard elements that are basically present in all snowboarding jackets. First, a snowboarding jacket should be lightweight. It is a given that it should be able to resist water and wind, but it must do so while maintaining a reasonable, if not insubstantial, addition to its weight. It should also have the proper parts that a snowboarder will need when riding: several pockets (to store essentials in, be it water, goggles, or a music player), a hood to keep the rider’s head warm, and a powder skirt to prevent fine snow from wetting the pants. A snowboarding jacket should also be well-insulated to keep the snowboarder warm enough to move. At the same time it should also have vents in the places where the rider will need it most. In some designs it is in the underarm area, and in some pieces it is on the front, re-sealable by a flap. Some designs go the extra mile by having compass pockets, music pockets (they have specific lines to keep the tiny cables snug and close to the body), wrist gaiters, and wrap-around side seams to prevent cloth damage when the rider carries his snowboard on his side. Lastly, the jacket should also reflect the personality of the wearer. It should be stylish in that it’s available in the size and color that he fancies and has all the aesthetic facets he might want (like a tiny “garage” for that water-resistant zipper). Cleaning When cleaning a snowboarding jacket, it is recommended to use pure soap (the ones without bleach and other strong cleaning agents) so as not to strip off the waterproofing chemical that the jacket has, while taking all the dirt out. The use of cool water in the wash is also advised, as well as the avoidance of using fabric conditioners on it. Suffice to say that the jacket should be washed separately from regular clothes. Snowboarding jackets are quite expensive for they are, in themselves, the snowboarder’s protective gear and sports apparel combined. But with proper maintenance, however, it will see him through the countless slopes he will be taking on for a long period of time. NOTE: fiber optics hats transmission rubber belt glass stone bracelet twist off cap flat transmission belts el flashlight bracelet shirt with necktie Scarves And Shawl 100% cashmere scarf earphone mp3 sunglasses apparel and garments paper lady hat donya night gown health titanium earring plastic bead earring hat and caps healthful magnetic earring Women s Overcoat Fashion Ladies Belt fashion shell bracelets din blind cap fashion authentic hats electronic garget limited Twisted Paper Hat fashion bucket hat antique silver bangle color pvc letter Shawls And Scarf metal cuff links fashion chunky bracelet (Comment on this)
5:21 pm	Mao suit Zhongshan suit Chiang Kai-shek (front centre) and Mao Zedong (front right) both dressed in the Zhongshan suit (1945) The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Chungshan suit or Zhongshan suit (traditional Chinese: 中山裝; simplified Chinese: 中山装; pinyin: Zhōngshān zhuāng) (after Sun Zhongshan), and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan (better known as Sun Yat-sen) introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication. Origins When the Republic was founded in 1912, the style of dress worn in China was based on Manchu dress (qipao and changshan) imposed by the Qing Dynasty as a form of social control. The majority-Han Chinese revolutionaries who overthrew the Qing were fueled by failure of the Qing to defend China against western imperialists and the low standing of the Qing in terms of technology and science compared to the west. Combined with the influx of Western ideas of race, this led to ethnic hatred against the Manchus. Even before the founding of the Republic, older forms of Chinese dress were becoming unpopular among the elite and led to the development of Chinese dress which combined the cheongsam and the Western hat to form a new dress. The Zhongshan suit is similar development which combined Western and Eastern fashions. It should be noted that until 1949 on the mainland and the 1980s in Taiwan, the civilian, non- political attire for males in China was not this tunic suit but a gown and over-jacket. The Zhongshan suit was an attempt to cater to "modern" sensibilities without completely adopting Western styles wholesale. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was personally involved, providing inputs based on his life experience in Japan: the Japanese cadet uniform became the basis of Zhongshan suit. There were other modifications as well: instead of the three hidden pockets in Western suits, the Zhongshan suit had four outside pockets to adhere to Chinese concepts of balance and symmetry. Over time, minor stylistic changes developed. The suit originally had seven buttons, later reduced to five. After repeated attempts to win support and recognition from Western countries failed, the Nationalist Party government in Canton led by Dr. Sun gained help (advisers and critically vital small arms) from Soviet Russia, which viewed it as a likely revolutionary ally against Western interests in the Far East; Chinese nationalism at the time (of treaty ports and extra-territoriality discriminations) was naturally heavily infected with resentment against the West. As a result of this geopolitical alignment, Dr. Sun agreed to permit the nascent Chinese Communist Party to join the Nationalist Party -- as individual members -- not as a party-party union, combination or alliance. As a result, early Communist Party members adopted the attire as a mark of joining the Nationalist Party. Ironically, from that practice during an attenuated political marriage of convenience which would soon be divorced in blood (in 1927), Asian Marxist movements and governments henceforth would all consider this attire as a standard of political coloration, and it would continue to be appropriate dress for both sides of the bitter Chinese civil wars lasting decades. After Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925, popular mythology assigned a revolutionary and patriotic significance to the Zhongshan suit. The four pockets were said to represent the Four Virtues cited in the classic Guanzi. The five center-front buttons were said to represent the five Yuans (branches of government) cited in the constitution of the Republic of China and the three cuff-buttons to symbolize Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. Historical development Mao, wearing the suit, meets Nixon In the 1920s and 1930s, civil servants of the Chinese government were required to wear the Zhongshan zhuang. A slightly modified version of the suit, adapted for combat, formed the basis for National Revolutionary Army army uniforms leading up through the Second Sino-Japanese War, although during the 1930s, as German military advice and assistance to the National Government waxed, the formal military uniform in the professional elements and ranks essentially became that of Weimar and then Nazi Germany (including the famous helmet). After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and especially during the long initial period marked by intensive Maoist indoctrination and mass oppression through waves of purges and campaigns and "criticism/struggle" culminating with the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution from 1965-76 when Mao himself died, the suit became widely worn by the entire male population, formally as a symbol of proletarian unity, but in fact as a form of personal -- and virtually camouflage -- coloration; it was, of course, regularly worn by Communist Party cadres until the 1990s when it was largely replaced by the Western business suit. The Mao suit remained the standard formal dress for the first and second generation of PRC leaders such as Deng Xiaoping. During the 1990s, it began to be worn with decreasing frequency by leaders of Jiang Zemin's generation. Jiang wore it only on special occasions, such as to state dinners, but this practice was almost totally discontinued by his successor Hu Jintao.[1] By the early part of the 21st century, the Mao suit is rarely worn even on formal occasions. The military-green version of the suit is more often worn, usually by civilian party officials wishing to demonstrate control over – or camaraderie with – the military. In Taiwan, the Zhongshan suit was seldom seen after the 1970s. Moreover, given the subtropical weather much of the year in Taiwan, for a time a modified version became at least semi-standard which dropped the high-collar buttoned up original constriction in favor of a Western style open dress shirt collar, unbuttoned. Today among the Chinese people, the suit has been largely abandoned by the younger generation in urban areas, but is still regarded as formal attire by many old people. It is also prevalent among Chinese peasants as casual dress. However the suit is becoming more popular amongst young overseas Chinese as a formal or business wear instead of wearing the "generic" Western three piece suit and also as an identity for their Chinese origin.[citation needed] A North Korean soldier in 2005 It is also widely used today in North Korea with the NKPA. NOTE: Flashing Baseball Caps Flashing Light Glasses Ladies Baseball Hat Fashion Costume Earrings Ladies Fashion Hat Flashing Shoes Charms Fiber Flashing Cap Fashion Bucket Hats Fashion Crystal Earring Lace Front Cap Automatic Safety Belt Animal Party Hat Ladies Knitting Scarf Fashion Wooden Earrings bao straw hats spining silicon bracelets Metal Chain Earrings Hand Paint Shawl Burned Out Scarf Vibration Slimming Belt Motorcycle Valve Caps Ceramic Bead Bracelet Casual Leather Belt Beaded Jewelry Belt Bar Radiator Cap Magnetic Hematite Bangles Vietnam Pith Hats Agricultural Machinery Belt Cashmere Wool Shawls CZ Diamond Earrings (Comment on this)
5:12 pm	Slouch hat A slouch hat is a wide-brimmed felt hat with a chinstrap most commonly worn as part of a military uniform. It is a survivor of the felt hats worn by eighteenth century armies. The distinctive Australian slouch hat, sometimes called an Australian bush hat, has one side of the brim turned up or pinned to the side of the hat in order to allow a rifle to be slung over the shoulder. In the United States it was also called the Kossuth hat, after Lajos Kossuth [1]. History This style of hat did not originate in Australia, being introduced there around 1885 and was sometimes described as a 'Tyrolean' import. A contemporary painting dated 1884 (in the regimental museum) of the pipe band of 1st Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders in service dress, crossing the veldt in Zululand, shows them wearing khaki slouch hats. Other armies rejected the once-popular headwear (as the British army did in 1905) following its popularity in the Second Boer War where it was worn by British Army units such as the City Imperial Volunteers (CIV), Imperial Yeomanry, and King Edward's Horse but brought it back during the Burma campaign in the Second World War. The slouch hat with the brim pinned up on the right side was worn by the Schutztruppe (protection force) that was the colonial armed force of Imperial Germany from the late 1800s to 1918 when Germany lost its colonies. Different coloured puggarees were worn by the Germans in South West Africa, German East Africa, German West Africa (Togo and Cameroon) and China. The slouch hat was frequently worn throughout Africa and in motion pictures about Africa such as Jungle Jim and safari films. It became associated with the Australian military; from World War I it was manufactured in Australia by the Akubra company for the army. This slouch hat is still worn by the Australian military today. Naik Agansing Rai VC, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) The slouch hat or Terai hat is also associated with the Gurkha regiments of the British Army and Indian Army (formerly the British Indian Army) and is still worn by the Gurkhas; the hat is no longer worn on active service. The 2nd Gurkha Rifles became the first Gurkha regiment to adopt the slouch hat when they were issued with the Australian variant in 1901. The Gurkha terai hat is created by fusing two hats into one to make the hat more rigid and is worn at an angle, tilted to the right. The Chindits and other units of Field Marshal William Slim's British Fourteenth Army, who fought against the Japanese in the Far East during World War II, also became associated with the slouch hat (also known as the bush hat in the British Army). The slouch hat was also used by colonial units of the British Empire, including the Royal West African Frontier Force, the Canadian Yukon Field Force, Canadian Pacific Railway Militia, the Kenya Regiment and troops from Rhodesia. A Unit Colour Patch is also worn by members of the Australian Army on their Slouch Hat to indicate which unit they are from. Slouch hat in Australia Australian Army Grade 1 Slouch Hat with Royal Australian Engineers corps badge The slouch hat was first worn by military forces in Australia in 1885 when the newly created Victorian Mounted Rifles wore the hat as part of their khaki uniform. On 22 December 1890 the Military Commanders of the then separate Australian Colonies prior to the Federation of Australia met to discuss the introduction of the khaki uniform throughout Australia. They agreed that all Australian Forces with the exception of the Artillery would wear the slouch hat. It was to be looped up on one side - Victoria and Tasmania on the right and the other colonies-later states-on the left. [1] Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel regard the slouch hat as a parade item of dress, and although army standing orders for dress allow it to be worn in the field, most soldiers do not, as it is almost a disgrace to allow it to get unnecessarily dirty. The Australian slouch hat (also know as a Hat KFF, or Hat Khaki Fur Felt) is worn with a seven band puggaree, said to represent the six states and the territories of Australia. For the Army, the hat includes the soldiers' Unit Colour Patch (right of puggaree), Corp or Regiment Hat badge (front of puggaree) and the General Service Badge (The Rising Sun, affixed on the left brim) on both the Grade 1 and Grade 2 Slouch Hats. When on ceremonial parades, e.g. ANZAC Day, the Slouch Hat is worn with the brim up (Grade 1), showing the General Service Badge on the left side. However when the soldier's dress of the day is either DPCU's or Polys, then they wear the hat with the brim flat (Grade 2). The Slouch Hat worn by the Army is one of the ADF's trademarks, but it is not theirs alone: the Royal Australian Air Force wears the HKFF with a dark blue or "Air Force Blue" Puggaree, as a Non Ceremonial head dress for the RAAF; the Royal Australian Navy is also known to wear the hat when wearing camouflage and other uniforms, and has the same features as the RAAF's HKFF. The RAAF & RAN Slouch Hats do not have unit colour patches, nor do they wear it brim up; instead the only badge worn is the RAAF or RAN cap badge, of a design appropriate to the wearer's rank, at the front of puggaree. The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR) for their slouch hats wear a jungle green coloured puggaree with no colour patch, this dates back to traditions when serving in Malaya. Prior to the RAAF varying some of its Service Dress Uniform the RAAF also used to wear a Blue Slouch hat, with a black or blue puggaree and the Khaki for the HKFF puggaree had a blue band [2] Slouch hat in New Zealand A contemporary NZ Army Parade, the Mounted Rifles slouch hats date back to the South African War in 1899. The NZ version of the slouch hat is worn by various corps and regiments of the New Zealand Army, including the Royal NZ Engineers and Mounted Rifles. As an alternative to the typical NZ army lemon squeezer the NZ slouch hat is worn on all but the most important occasions. [3] The slouch hat predates the introduction of the lemon squeezer hat and is worn brim down. Historic photographs indicate the brim to have been worn up in the Australian style on occasion. [4] Slouch hat in the U.S. Military Some American soldiers assigned to units in the China Burma India Theatre of World War II (CBI) such as the OSS Detachment 101 and the 1st Air Commando Group wore British Army issue bush hats with their uniforms without official authorisation. In the early 1960s when American soldiers went to the Vietnam War, the standard headgear was a fatigue baseball or field cap that offered limited protection from the sun. Local tailors made a slouch hat in a style between a French type bush hat of the First Indochina War and an Australian type bush hat with a snap on the brim to pin one side up that was widely bought and unofficially worn by American troops in Vietnam. The local tailors usually used green fatigue cloth or leopard skin pattern military camouflage from old parachutes. The hat often had a cloth arc emblazoned with the word VIET-NAM on the brim. The U.S. 1st Air Commando Group members adopted the green slouch hat as their distinctive and practical headgear with an AIR COMMANDO arc. In 1972 the U.S. Army authorized female Drill Sergeants to wear a similar type cloth bush hat with the brim pinned up on the side as their distincive headgear. The U.S. Air Force female Military Training Instructors were given an Air Force blue slouch hat. Slouch hat in the Indian Police A few state police forces in India do use the Slouch Hats. The Armed Reserve wing of the Kerala Police used to wear slouch hats right up to the 1980s. This was later replaced with the a blue peak cap. Karnataka Police continues to use slouch hats for its members in the lower rungs of the police force (Constables and Head Constables). The slouch hat will have the colours of the police unit embroidered on the brim which is put up. The police number of the officer is also fixed onto this side of the brim. Slouch hat in Ireland The uniform of the Irish Volunteers included a slouch hat and it was worn by many of the rebels during the 1916 Easter Rising (though it was not part of the uniform of the Irish Citizens Army). The hat is the subject of the Irish republican song The Broad Black Brimmer. NOTE: Water Pump Bodies Garment With Hat Plastic Sun Visor Micro Woven Necktie Children Denim Set Acryl Hair Claw Knitted Winter Hats Fashion Hat Cap Flower Designed Brooch Fashion Style Bracelet Acrylic Beads Bracelet Fur Knitting Scarf Fashion Plastic Bracelets Fashion Metal Bracelets Fashion Ladies Earrings Flower Shaped Brooch Feather Yarns Bathrobe Fashion Hair Barrettes Embroidery And Cap 925 Silver Earing Fashion Straw Hat Fabric Cable Ties Filter End Caps Silk Dying Tie Silk Satin Scarves Silk Jacquard Necktie Silver Zircon Earrings Rhinestone Necklace Charm Shell Beads Bracelets Silk Cashmere Shawls (Comment on this)
5:09 pm	The modern Greek Army The modern Greek Army has a history of almost 180 years, during which has undergone dramatic changes and been involved in some of the major conflicts on the European continent. The modern Greek military throughout its history was closely following international developments in equipment and uniforms. With the notable exception of the elite Evzones units which based their uniforms on the indigenous traditional garments of the 18th century, the rest were quick to adopt the most up-to-date Army fashion of the influential Great Powers. The influence seemed to be roughly divided in three periods, the "French-style" until the WW1, the "British-style" during and after WW2, and the last 40 years, the "NATO or US-style". That saying, on any given model of uniform, clear influences of other major militaries can be identified to the details, making the result an interesting,unique amalgam. Late 19th century (1868-1908) The other ranks uniform of 1868 remained faithful to the French style, with a dark blue cloth tunic and a pair of straight, off-white pants, with branch colour pipings, shoulder boards and collars. The kepi was modernised to look closer to the French, in dark blue with a bullion cockade and a small plume of horsehair. The leather equipment was black and of French design, to compliment the fusil Gras rifle issued. Conversely, infantry and artillery officers' uniforms adopted closely the current Austro-Hungarian design, with fly-hidden buttons and scalloped pocket flaps. There were no eppaulettes; rank was exhibited on the collar with tabs and bullion stars. The kepi was a high-quality version of the other ranks' with golden pipings and rank stripes. The main colour was dark blue, with riding breeches in white, grey or blue, worn with polished black high boots. French-style leather equipment and a sabre were carried in battle. There was a more elaborately adorned uniform for use in ceremony. The cavalry had an exceptional uniform of more traditional design, with traits of Hussar decoration. The pippings were purple and the metal stripes and buttons in silver. The wool cloth was a medium green. Breeches and black high boots completed the riding uniform. Around the Balkan Wars (1908-1915) Following the humiliating defeat of 1897 by the Ottomans, the urgent need for modernisation was felt by both the Government and the Staff of the Greek Army. The idea of khaki uniforms was introduced for the first time, just few years after the British had introduced their Service dress, making Greece one of the first countries to adopt a modern look for its military. The use of off-white and drab uniforms was already common for summer use of the officers, who traditionally had the option of choosing privately tailored items. It was soon expanded with the universal introduction of the 1908 model for other ranks. This uniform included a near-copy of the British four-pocket tunic of the time, in olive green wool cloth or serge, with the addition of pipings and removable shoulder boards in branch-of-service colour cloth (Red: Infantry and Staff; Bright red-purple: Cavalry; Dark red-burgundy: Artillery; Light Blue: Engineers; Dark Blue: Gendarmerie). Brass-metal buttons were used for the majority of uniforms. The pants were straight with side pipings, designed to cover the ankle lace-boots, but in campaign the majority of soldiers found these cumbersome and used cloth puttees or stuffed them in their boots to hold them tight. A khaki single-breasted greatcoat was issued for winter.The black equipment was also replaced by a natural-brown leather set. The first type of headgear was a German-style peaked cap, but this was soon replaced by the older French-style kepi but now in khaki wool and leather chinstrap, adorned with branch-pipings and an embroidered Greek royal cockade. In periods of mobilization older stocks continued being used for auxiliary units, mainly older caps and items of black leather. Minor variations of the 1908 uniform and equipment were issued to specialist units, eg breeches, high-boots and bandoleers to cavalry troopers. Similar developments followed with the officers' uniforms. After a period of unstandardized changes, these settled on the model 1910. The smart tunic was made in a higher quality olive-green wool, incorporating the internal scalloped pockets and standing collar of the Austrian army, but with branch pipings and Russian-style rank boards. The headgear was a khaki kepi with leather peak, gold-metal pipings (silver for Cavalry and Engineers) and a bullion-cockade, and the pants were piped riding breeches, usually worn with high boots or ankle boots and puttees. The equipment was brown leather, with a French-style pistol holster and a binocular case. During this period, all officers brought their sabres in campaign. During WWI and Greco-Turkish War (1915-1922) The years 1913 -1915 saw the introduction of many non-standard and transitional officer's uniforms, until finally, the new khaki wool model 1915 uniforms were introduced. These entailed minor changes to the other ranks' uniform, mainly simplification by removing most coloured decorations, introducing collar tabs in branch-colour and the standard issue of cloth puttees. Branch colours were revised to help easier identification (Green for Cavalry; Black for Artillery). The officers' uniform changed though significantly, adopting the changes that were already implemented by King Constantine and his staff in their private tunics, plus a return to the German-style cap that Constantine preferred. The new tunic was more practical for campaign, closer to the modern French and British styles. Wider-cut, it had bigger, external pockets pleated on the breast, scalloped flaps and stand and fall collar. The pipings were replaced by a pair of branch-colour collar tabs with metal buttons and the Russian boards were replaced by smaller straps. The highly visible cap metal pipings were replaced with subdued rank stripes of brown colour. The old-style leather equipment was replaced by a fashionable Sam Browne and a Wembley revolver-style holster. The only major change introduced to the above uniform with the entry of Greece to the war in 1917, was the return of the kepi by the revolutionary government of Salonika. The kepi thus came to represent the Venizelos' faction in the course of the National Schism against the Royalist government of Athens, and symbolised the alliance with the French-led Entente. When Constantine left in exile, the new government phased-in the kepi headgear for all the Army officers. Other items of French origin saw widespread use during these wars, including the Lebel rifle leather equipment and the Adrian helmet, painted dark olive. This uniform was used in Ukraine and Asia Minor and remained virtually unchanged until the late thirties. NOTE: Pirate Party Hat Raffia Braided Hat 100 Wool Shawl Safety Face Visors Wooden Beads Earring Polyester Sports Visor 925 Silver Bangles unique winter scarves Tungsten Carbide Bracelets abercromhie and fitch abercromber and fitch abercrombie fur bomber abercrombie sports caps adidas clothing sunglasses abercreombie and fitch abayas for women abercrombie fitch coats xxxxx era cap Wire Cable Tie a334 steel seamless vegetables cutter dicer abercrombie af caps abercornbie and fitch abrabian men's gown abercrombie fitch garments abercrombie fitch apparels a&f shorts women armanibrecrombie and fitch angora knitting hat virtual video eyewear (Comment on this)
4:59 pm	Greek Army uniforms The modern Greek Army has a history of almost 180 years, during which has undergone dramatic changes and been involved in some of the major conflicts on the European continent. The modern Greek military throughout its history was closely following international developments in equipment and uniforms. With the notable exception of the elite Evzones units which based their uniforms on the indigenous traditional garments of the 18th century, the rest were quick to adopt the most up-to-date Army fashion of the influential Great Powers. The influence seemed to be roughly divided in three periods, the "French-style" until the WW1, the "British-style" during and after WW2, and the last 40 years, the "NATO or US-style". That saying, on any given model of uniform, clear influences of other major militaries can be identified to the details, making the result an interesting,unique amalgam. Late 19th century (1868-1908) The other ranks uniform of 1868 remained faithful to the French style, with a dark blue cloth tunic and a pair of straight, off-white pants, with branch colour pipings, shoulder boards and collars. The kepi was modernised to look closer to the French, in dark blue with a bullion cockade and a small plume of horsehair. The leather equipment was black and of French design, to compliment the fusil Gras rifle issued. Conversely, infantry and artillery officers' uniforms adopted closely the current Austro-Hungarian design, with fly-hidden buttons and scalloped pocket flaps. There were no eppaulettes; rank was exhibited on the collar with tabs and bullion stars. The kepi was a high-quality version of the other ranks' with golden pipings and rank stripes. The main colour was dark blue, with riding breeches in white, grey or blue, worn with polished black high boots. French-style leather equipment and a sabre were carried in battle. There was a more elaborately adorned uniform for use in ceremony. The cavalry had an exceptional uniform of more traditional design, with traits of Hussar decoration. The pippings were purple and the metal stripes and buttons in silver. The wool cloth was a medium green. Breeches and black high boots completed the riding uniform. Around the Balkan Wars (1908-1915) Following the humiliating defeat of 1897 by the Ottomans, the urgent need for modernisation was felt by both the Government and the Staff of the Greek Army. The idea of khaki uniforms was introduced for the first time, just few years after the British had introduced their Service dress, making Greece one of the first countries to adopt a modern look for its military. The use of off-white and drab uniforms was already common for summer use of the officers, who traditionally had the option of choosing privately tailored items. It was soon expanded with the universal introduction of the 1908 model for other ranks. This uniform included a near-copy of the British four-pocket tunic of the time, in olive green wool cloth or serge, with the addition of pipings and removable shoulder boards in branch-of-service colour cloth (Red: Infantry and Staff; Bright red-purple: Cavalry; Dark red-burgundy: Artillery; Light Blue: Engineers; Dark Blue: Gendarmerie). Brass-metal buttons were used for the majority of uniforms. The pants were straight with side pipings, designed to cover the ankle lace-boots, but in campaign the majority of soldiers found these cumbersome and used cloth puttees or stuffed them in their boots to hold them tight. A khaki single-breasted greatcoat was issued for winter.The black equipment was also replaced by a natural-brown leather set. The first type of headgear was a German-style peaked cap, but this was soon replaced by the older French-style kepi but now in khaki wool and leather chinstrap, adorned with branch-pipings and an embroidered Greek royal cockade. In periods of mobilization older stocks continued being used for auxiliary units, mainly older caps and items of black leather. Minor variations of the 1908 uniform and equipment were issued to specialist units, eg breeches, high-boots and bandoleers to cavalry troopers. Similar developments followed with the officers' uniforms. After a period of unstandardized changes, these settled on the model 1910. The smart tunic was made in a higher quality olive-green wool, incorporating the internal scalloped pockets and standing collar of the Austrian army, but with branch pipings and Russian-style rank boards. The headgear was a khaki kepi with leather peak, gold-metal pipings (silver for Cavalry and Engineers) and a bullion-cockade, and the pants were piped riding breeches, usually worn with high boots or ankle boots and puttees. The equipment was brown leather, with a French-style pistol holster and a binocular case. During this period, all officers brought their sabres in campaign. During WWI and Greco-Turkish War (1915-1922) The years 1913 -1915 saw the introduction of many non-standard and transitional officer's uniforms, until finally, the new khaki wool model 1915 uniforms were introduced. These entailed minor changes to the other ranks' uniform, mainly simplification by removing most coloured decorations, introducing collar tabs in branch-colour and the standard issue of cloth puttees. Branch colours were revised to help easier identification (Green for Cavalry; Black for Artillery). The officers' uniform changed though significantly, adopting the changes that were already implemented by King Constantine and his staff in their private tunics, plus a return to the German-style cap that Constantine preferred. The new tunic was more practical for campaign, closer to the modern French and British styles. Wider-cut, it had bigger, external pockets pleated on the breast, scalloped flaps and stand and fall collar. The pipings were replaced by a pair of branch-colour collar tabs with metal buttons and the Russian boards were replaced by smaller straps. The highly visible cap metal pipings were replaced with subdued rank stripes of brown colour. The old-style leather equipment was replaced by a fashionable Sam Browne and a Wembley revolver-style holster. The only major change introduced to the above uniform with the entry of Greece to the war in 1917, was the return of the kepi by the revolutionary government of Salonika. The kepi thus came to represent the Venizelos' faction in the course of the National Schism against the Royalist government of Athens, and symbolised the alliance with the French-led Entente. When Constantine left in exile, the new government phased-in the kepi headgear for all the Army officers. Other items of French origin saw widespread use during these wars, including the Lebel rifle leather equipment and the Adrian helmet, painted dark olive. This uniform was used in Ukraine and Asia Minor and remained virtually unchanged until the late thirties. NOTE: Pirate Party Hat Raffia Braided Hat 100 Wool Shawl Safety Face Visors Wooden Beads Earring Polyester Sports Visor 925 Silver Bangles unique winter scarves Tungsten Carbide Bracelets abercromhie and fitch abercromber and fitch abercrombie fur bomber abercrombie sports caps adidas clothing sunglasses abercreombie and fitch abayas for women abercrombie fitch coats xxxxx era cap Wire Cable Tie a334 steel seamless vegetables cutter dicer abercrombie af caps abercornbie and fitch abrabian men's gown abercrombie fitch garments abercrombie fitch apparels a&f shorts women armanibrecrombie and fitch angora knitting hat virtual video eyewear (Comment on this)
4:56 pm	Uniforms of the Singapore Police Force Uniforms of the Singapore Police Force are a Dark blue (or more accurately Dacron blue), and have remained so continuously since 1969, although the first police uniforms introduced in 1856 were also in the same colour. Early uniforms The earliest law enforcement officers in the fledgling colony of Singapore wore no uniforms, until in 1856, when the Police Force Act was passed and vested full police powers upon the security forces then in existence, paving the way for uniforms to be introduced. The first uniforms were dark blue-coloured serge coats, trousers, cap and black shoes. White trousers are used for ceremonial parades and special duty. This proved unpopular as the thick material was deemed too uncomfortable in the local tropical climate. Khakis In 1879, a Commission of Enquiry was formed with the task of evaluating the existing uniform, and in 1890, khaki was formally introduced. The khaki uniform comprised a black headdress (locally known as the Songkok), khaki shirt and shorts, black puttees and ankle boots. Strict regulations requiring them to be heavily starched and ironed produced a cardboard-like material which stood out unnaturally. The white gaiters were removed as it was difficult to keep them clean, although they remained part of the ceremonial uniform till 1910. As the Second World War drew to a close in 1945, the khaki uniform was updated with the black beret replacing the Songkok, and completed by blue grey flannel shirt, brown khaki shorts, dark blue hosetops, black boots and leather belt, and a navy blue whistle lanyard. This uniform became the primary uniform used throughout the force, and was last worn in 1971. The Marine Police wore a white version of the khaki uniform. Modern uniforms Police National Service officers contribute to security coverage requirements at the National Day Parade, 2004. Shown left is a full-time serviceman, and he is accompanied at right by a Police National Serviceman (reservist) In 1969, dacron blue made a comeback to the uniform with a force-wide change away from khaki. The new uniform comprises a dark blue peak cap, shirt, trousers, black belt, shoes and socks, and coded whistle lanyard in blue and white. 3 large and 4 small metal buttons, metal collar badges, and a metal cap badge are affixed, and a black plastic name tag completes the uniform. Metallic ranks, if any, are fixed to the sleeve or on the shoulders for senior officers. The lanyard was changed to a metal chain in 1972, and in 1985, the material of the uniform was changed from 75% polyester 25% cotton to 100% polyester for a smarter bearing and turnout. Number 3 Uniforms Derivatives of the standard blue uniform (collectively called the no.3 uniform) was adopted for specialised forces and for all officers in various occasions which calls for more formal or casual attire. The Traffic Police Department was amongst the few to move away from the all-blue attire, adopting a short-sleeved white tunic, dark blue breeches, a black leather Sam Browne belt, and riding boots for its officers performing mobile squad duties. A white crash helmet is worn when on the move, while a new dark blue jockey cap with chequered white and dark blue patterns around its circumference is worn when convenient while performing static duty. Members of the Vigilante Corps are also attired by a white short-sleeved top similar in design to the dark blue version for normal officers, gold-coloured buttons and badges, and a dark blue beret in place of the peak cap. Gurkha No. 3 The Gurkha Contingent marches past at the Police Day Parade 2005 held for the last time at the Police academy grounds in Thomson Road. The officers are dressed in the no.3 dress and carry the M16 rifle The Gurkha trooper's no.3 dress, also called the working dress, is for general duties, including guard duties and on parade. The dark blue outfit, largely adapted from the Singapore Police Force, includes the standard two front breast pockets on the shirt with aluminium anodised collar badges, buttons and a black plastic name tag atop the right breast pocket. Since removed in the rest of the SPF but retained by the GC are the chromed service number pinned above the name tag, and the whistle and chain. The shirt is long-sleeved and neatly folded up, unlike the short-sleeved versions adopted for the no.3 dress of the SPF. The sleeves are rolled down when the sun sets, and rolled up again when the sun rises. GC trooper continue to wear aluminium badges of rank, which are worn on the right sleeve 11.5 centimetres below the right shoulder strap. Constables wear aluminium bars at the outer edges of the shoulder straps. The dark blue trousers are secured by the two-pronged black leather Garrison Belt, and completed by standard issued black leather boots. The trooper wears the Hat Terrai Gurkha when on guard duty and while on parade. While on guard duty, he is armed with a pistol and magazine pouch worn on the belt, and with the Kukri affixed to the back of his belt. Additional weaponry and equipment may be issued depending on situational needs. When not on duty, the officer dons a newly produced brown beret with the metal police cap badge similar to older berets worn by combat officers of the SPF. Senior Gurkha officers are distinguished by a gold flash on the cap badge. The Duty Unit Sergeant wears an additional red sash with the uniform. Number 4 Uniforms Combat uniforms has also been adopted for specialist units such as those from the Special Operations Command and the Police Coast Guard (PCG), collectively known as the No.4 uniforms. These involve the replacement of metal buttons with sewn-on plastic ones, the avoidance of all other metallic accruements which are deemed potentially hazardous to the officer or to others and the use of long-sleeved shirts. SOC officers wear combat boots while officers in PCG use lace up leather shoes with non-slip soles. These units also tend to adopt the beret as their headgear, although PCG officers use the baseball cap while on operational duties. There was no major change to the uniform since then, except for the adoption of embroidered shoulder ranks and badges for all ranks in the 1990s. Other changes are less distinct, such as the upgrading of shoes used, the change of the belt material and belt buckle to one including the police crest, and changes to the peak cap to a more durable and ventilated version. Gurkha No. 4 Members of the Gurkha Contingent gathering at Raffles City during the 117th IOC Session. These officers are off-duty, and hence wear the beret with their no.4 dress. Gurkha officer in new combat dress (Dress No. 4) and armed with Remington 870 shotgun during the Shangri-La Dialogue on 1 June 2007. The Gurkha no.4 dress is adapted from the combat dress of their regular counterparts, and is also known as the night dress, as they are worn during night duty. They are also worn for civil security duty and training, as well as range practices at any time of the day. The long sleeves of the dark blue shirt is similarly rolled up and down depending on duty requirements and time of day, and is devoid of metal accruements. Junior officers wear their service numbers using white embroidered lettering on a dark blue Velcro backing fixed above their right breast pocket. Ranks are sewn on the right sleeves and made of embroidered, white cloth. The dark blue trousers are tucked into combat boots, and is topped by a dark blue beret. In recent years, the GC has increasingly adopted the no.4 dress for active duty in public places, incorporating elements from the no.3 dress. Officers on duty during the National Day Parade and the 117th IOC Session wear the no.4 dress but with the Hat Terrai Gurkha. The shirt sleeves are rolled up, and includes the metal whistle and chain. In addition, the rank is not sewn to the sleeves, but worn on a dark blue tab affixed to the right breast pocket with the rank in silver embroidered thread similar to that currently used by regular officers. Less often seen, but formally in frequent use during rioting incidents is the fire-resistant version of the combat dress, which feature zipper breast pockets and on the trousers. Gurkha officers may also wear the jungle dress, with camouflage-coloured uniforms based on the British Army DPM and jockey cap, and complemented by various forms of webbing for paramilitary training, duties in rural and forested areas, combat fitness training and when dispatched out of Singapore for overseas exercises. Uniform reviews from 2000 onwards Police Tactical Unit officers on patrol during the Shangri-La Dialogue on 1 June 2007, sporting new uniforms and the signature red berets. A series of reviews and changes to the uniforms took place across the various police units from the 2000s onwards. In 2002, the whistle chain was completely removed from all uniforms (except for some uniforms worn by the Gurkha Contingent) in the police force, the National Police Cadet Corps, as well as amongst CISCO officers. The new all-cotton combat uniform for the Police National Service Key Installation (KINS) Protection Units was introduced in the same year. Amongst land divisions, the Number 3 uniform (also known as the working dress) was enhanced with the buttons sewn on (instead of using metal rings previously) in 2004, while the name tag was changed from using a metal pin to Velcro for affixing to the uniform. In 2006, riveted buttons, which were considered to be more secure, were introduced to replace the sewn on buttons. The trousers come with additional side pockets mid-way down the thighs with the main purpose of providing a convenient location for the M-pod, a PDA-sized gadget slated to be launched. Separately, the Police Maternity Dress was also introduced. For the specialist divisions, the Police Tactical Unit changed their beret from dark blue to maroon in 2005. The combat uniform was also redesigned to a more loose-fitting attire with utility pockets, and the material changed to a cotton-polyester mix which is more durable and fire resistant. The colour of the uniform is also changed to a darker shade of blue for tactical purposes. High-heel boots with gutters were also introduced. The Police Coast Guard introduced a new set of uniforms comprising of a helmet, dark blue polo top and Bermudas for officers performing patrolling duties on Pulau Ubin using bicycles. Also their officers will be changing into a combat uniform which is alike to those issue to the Police Tactical Unit. From 30 September 2005, new duty belts made of synthetic leather were introduced force-wide, replacing the former practise of securing items individually on the trouser belt. First utilised by officers in Central Police Division on a trial-run basis, the new belt comprises two layers fastened together by velcro strips, allowing for equipment to be removed with ease and a more comfortable and lighter fit for front-line officers. The belt, together with the handcuff pouch, bullet pouch, T-baton and revolver holster are now personally issued to all regular, full-time police national servicemen, and Volunteer Special Constabulary officers. The old leather belts will, however, continue to be in use during non-front line and administrative duties, as well as during appropriate functions. Gurkha 2006 changes In 2006, the GC implemented its biggest change to its uniform since the adoption of the present uniform three decades ago, just prior to the commencement of the 61st Annual Meetings of the Boards of Governors of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group as part of Singapore 2006. Khaki-coloured berets in place of the Hat Terrai Gurkha and the dark blue beret. The Hat Terrai Gurkha became a largely ceremonial headgear. The combat dress (Dress No. 4) was changed to a cotton-polyester material to match those adopted by other specialised units of the SPF, such as the Special Operations Command and the Police Coast Guard, albeit with a slightly darker shade of blue. Police Coast Guard Variant New uniforms of the Police Coast Guard on display at the Police Carnival 2006. The evolution of uniforms worn by the Police Coast Guard largely mirrors that for the land-based divisions, with its earliest uniforms reflecting British heritage and influence. Early uniforms are based on that of navy sailors, consisting of an all-white attire of long-sleeved shirts and shorts. Officers wore the same Khaki-based uniforms which were introduced in the land divisions from 1890, before switching to the dacron blue uniform in 1969 along with the rest of the police force. When the Marine Police was reorganised and renamed as the Police Coast Guard in 1993, the uniform was also changed to the Combat (or No. 4) Uniform. This uniform consisted of a long-sleeved shirt and long pants made of a slightly tougher polyester, and does away with almost all metal parts via the use of velcro and plastic buttons. They don a blue beret, but are permitted to wear a baseball cap while on operational duties. Footwear is in the form of lace-up leather shoes with non-slip soles. Unlike the Combat Uniform worn by other units in the police force, the uniform adopted hidden plastic buttons to avoid entanglements, and does away with gutters since shoes, and not boots, are worn to allow rapid removal should water entry be required. In May 2005, the island Patrol Uniform was introduced, consisting of a helmet, dark blue polo top and Bermudas for officers performing bicycle patrol duties on Pulau Ubin[1]. These were introduced to project a softer image on the island where recreational activities abound, and to provide greater comfort for the officers in the humid outdoor weather. As part of a force-wide review of the police uniforms, the PCG adopted the new combat uniform similar to that currently worn by the Special Operations Command, albeit with a darker shade of blue. While they were introduced to overcome existing limitations of the current uniform, such as allowing for less-hindrance in body movement due to the more relaxed fit, and its non-flammable properties, they met with opposition from some officers who feel it projects the wrong image to the general public, including its "technician" look. Officers began to don the new combat uniform from 21 August 2006. 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4:23 pm	Uniforms of the Singapore Police Force Uniforms of the Singapore Police Force are a Dark blue (or more accurately Dacron blue), and have remained so continuously since 1969, although the first police uniforms introduced in 1856 were also in the same colour. Early uniforms The earliest law enforcement officers in the fledgling colony of Singapore wore no uniforms, until in 1856, when the Police Force Act was passed and vested full police powers upon the security forces then in existence, paving the way for uniforms to be introduced. The first uniforms were dark blue-coloured serge coats, trousers, cap and black shoes. White trousers are used for ceremonial parades and special duty. This proved unpopular as the thick material was deemed too uncomfortable in the local tropical climate. Khakis In 1879, a Commission of Enquiry was formed with the task of evaluating the existing uniform, and in 1890, khaki was formally introduced. The khaki uniform comprised a black headdress (locally known as the Songkok), khaki shirt and shorts, black puttees and ankle boots. Strict regulations requiring them to be heavily starched and ironed produced a cardboard-like material which stood out unnaturally. The white gaiters were removed as it was difficult to keep them clean, although they remained part of the ceremonial uniform till 1910. As the Second World War drew to a close in 1945, the khaki uniform was updated with the black beret replacing the Songkok, and completed by blue grey flannel shirt, brown khaki shorts, dark blue hosetops, black boots and leather belt, and a navy blue whistle lanyard. This uniform became the primary uniform used throughout the force, and was last worn in 1971. The Marine Police wore a white version of the khaki uniform. Modern uniforms Police National Service officers contribute to security coverage requirements at the National Day Parade, 2004. Shown left is a full-time serviceman, and he is accompanied at right by a Police National Serviceman (reservist) In 1969, dacron blue made a comeback to the uniform with a force-wide change away from khaki. The new uniform comprises a dark blue peak cap, shirt, trousers, black belt, shoes and socks, and coded whistle lanyard in blue and white. 3 large and 4 small metal buttons, metal collar badges, and a metal cap badge are affixed, and a black plastic name tag completes the uniform. Metallic ranks, if any, are fixed to the sleeve or on the shoulders for senior officers. The lanyard was changed to a metal chain in 1972, and in 1985, the material of the uniform was changed from 75% polyester 25% cotton to 100% polyester for a smarter bearing and turnout. Number 3 Uniforms Derivatives of the standard blue uniform (collectively called the no.3 uniform) was adopted for specialised forces and for all officers in various occasions which calls for more formal or casual attire. The Traffic Police Department was amongst the few to move away from the all-blue attire, adopting a short-sleeved white tunic, dark blue breeches, a black leather Sam Browne belt, and riding boots for its officers performing mobile squad duties. A white crash helmet is worn when on the move, while a new dark blue jockey cap with chequered white and dark blue patterns around its circumference is worn when convenient while performing static duty. Members of the Vigilante Corps are also attired by a white short-sleeved top similar in design to the dark blue version for normal officers, gold-coloured buttons and badges, and a dark blue beret in place of the peak cap. Gurkha No. 3 The Gurkha Contingent marches past at the Police Day Parade 2005 held for the last time at the Police academy grounds in Thomson Road. The officers are dressed in the no.3 dress and carry the M16 rifle The Gurkha trooper's no.3 dress, also called the working dress, is for general duties, including guard duties and on parade. The dark blue outfit, largely adapted from the Singapore Police Force, includes the standard two front breast pockets on the shirt with aluminium anodised collar badges, buttons and a black plastic name tag atop the right breast pocket. Since removed in the rest of the SPF but retained by the GC are the chromed service number pinned above the name tag, and the whistle and chain. The shirt is long-sleeved and neatly folded up, unlike the short-sleeved versions adopted for the no.3 dress of the SPF. The sleeves are rolled down when the sun sets, and rolled up again when the sun rises. GC trooper continue to wear aluminium badges of rank, which are worn on the right sleeve 11.5 centimetres below the right shoulder strap. Constables wear aluminium bars at the outer edges of the shoulder straps. The dark blue trousers are secured by the two-pronged black leather Garrison Belt, and completed by standard issued black leather boots. The trooper wears the Hat Terrai Gurkha when on guard duty and while on parade. While on guard duty, he is armed with a pistol and magazine pouch worn on the belt, and with the Kukri affixed to the back of his belt. Additional weaponry and equipment may be issued depending on situational needs. When not on duty, the officer dons a newly produced brown beret with the metal police cap badge similar to older berets worn by combat officers of the SPF. Senior Gurkha officers are distinguished by a gold flash on the cap badge. The Duty Unit Sergeant wears an additional red sash with the uniform. Number 4 Uniforms Combat uniforms has also been adopted for specialist units such as those from the Special Operations Command and the Police Coast Guard (PCG), collectively known as the No.4 uniforms. These involve the replacement of metal buttons with sewn-on plastic ones, the avoidance of all other metallic accruements which are deemed potentially hazardous to the officer or to others and the use of long-sleeved shirts. SOC officers wear combat boots while officers in PCG use lace up leather shoes with non-slip soles. These units also tend to adopt the beret as their headgear, although PCG officers use the baseball cap while on operational duties. There was no major change to the uniform since then, except for the adoption of embroidered shoulder ranks and badges for all ranks in the 1990s. Other changes are less distinct, such as the upgrading of shoes used, the change of the belt material and belt buckle to one including the police crest, and changes to the peak cap to a more durable and ventilated version. Gurkha No. 4 Members of the Gurkha Contingent gathering at Raffles City during the 117th IOC Session. These officers are off-duty, and hence wear the beret with their no.4 dress. Gurkha officer in new combat dress (Dress No. 4) and armed with Remington 870 shotgun during the Shangri-La Dialogue on 1 June 2007. The Gurkha no.4 dress is adapted from the combat dress of their regular counterparts, and is also known as the night dress, as they are worn during night duty. They are also worn for civil security duty and training, as well as range practices at any time of the day. The long sleeves of the dark blue shirt is similarly rolled up and down depending on duty requirements and time of day, and is devoid of metal accruements. Junior officers wear their service numbers using white embroidered lettering on a dark blue Velcro backing fixed above their right breast pocket. Ranks are sewn on the right sleeves and made of embroidered, white cloth. The dark blue trousers are tucked into combat boots, and is topped by a dark blue beret. In recent years, the GC has increasingly adopted the no.4 dress for active duty in public places, incorporating elements from the no.3 dress. Officers on duty during the National Day Parade and the 117th IOC Session wear the no.4 dress but with the Hat Terrai Gurkha. The shirt sleeves are rolled up, and includes the metal whistle and chain. In addition, the rank is not sewn to the sleeves, but worn on a dark blue tab affixed to the right breast pocket with the rank in silver embroidered thread similar to that currently used by regular officers. Less often seen, but formally in frequent use during rioting incidents is the fire-resistant version of the combat dress, which feature zipper breast pockets and on the trousers. Gurkha officers may also wear the jungle dress, with camouflage-coloured uniforms based on the British Army DPM and jockey cap, and complemented by various forms of webbing for paramilitary training, duties in rural and forested areas, combat fitness training and when dispatched out of Singapore for overseas exercises. Uniform reviews from 2000 onwards Police Tactical Unit officers on patrol during the Shangri-La Dialogue on 1 June 2007, sporting new uniforms and the signature red berets. A series of reviews and changes to the uniforms took place across the various police units from the 2000s onwards. In 2002, the whistle chain was completely removed from all uniforms (except for some uniforms worn by the Gurkha Contingent) in the police force, the National Police Cadet Corps, as well as amongst CISCO officers. The new all-cotton combat uniform for the Police National Service Key Installation (KINS) Protection Units was introduced in the same year. Amongst land divisions, the Number 3 uniform (also known as the working dress) was enhanced with the buttons sewn on (instead of using metal rings previously) in 2004, while the name tag was changed from using a metal pin to Velcro for affixing to the uniform. In 2006, riveted buttons, which were considered to be more secure, were introduced to replace the sewn on buttons. The trousers come with additional side pockets mid-way down the thighs with the main purpose of providing a convenient location for the M-pod, a PDA-sized gadget slated to be launched. Separately, the Police Maternity Dress was also introduced. For the specialist divisions, the Police Tactical Unit changed their beret from dark blue to maroon in 2005. The combat uniform was also redesigned to a more loose-fitting attire with utility pockets, and the material changed to a cotton-polyester mix which is more durable and fire resistant. The colour of the uniform is also changed to a darker shade of blue for tactical purposes. High-heel boots with gutters were also introduced. The Police Coast Guard introduced a new set of uniforms comprising of a helmet, dark blue polo top and Bermudas for officers performing patrolling duties on Pulau Ubin using bicycles. Also their officers will be changing into a combat uniform which is alike to those issue to the Police Tactical Unit. From 30 September 2005, new duty belts made of synthetic leather were introduced force-wide, replacing the former practise of securing items individually on the trouser belt. First utilised by officers in Central Police Division on a trial-run basis, the new belt comprises two layers fastened together by velcro strips, allowing for equipment to be removed with ease and a more comfortable and lighter fit for front-line officers. The belt, together with the handcuff pouch, bullet pouch, T-baton and revolver holster are now personally issued to all regular, full-time police national servicemen, and Volunteer Special Constabulary officers. The old leather belts will, however, continue to be in use during non-front line and administrative duties, as well as during appropriate functions. Gurkha 2006 changes In 2006, the GC implemented its biggest change to its uniform since the adoption of the present uniform three decades ago, just prior to the commencement of the 61st Annual Meetings of the Boards of Governors of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group as part of Singapore 2006. Khaki-coloured berets in place of the Hat Terrai Gurkha and the dark blue beret. The Hat Terrai Gurkha became a largely ceremonial headgear. The combat dress (Dress No. 4) was changed to a cotton-polyester material to match those adopted by other specialised units of the SPF, such as the Special Operations Command and the Police Coast Guard, albeit with a slightly darker shade of blue. Police Coast Guard Variant New uniforms of the Police Coast Guard on display at the Police Carnival 2006. The evolution of uniforms worn by the Police Coast Guard largely mirrors that for the land-based divisions, with its earliest uniforms reflecting British heritage and influence. Early uniforms are based on that of navy sailors, consisting of an all-white attire of long-sleeved shirts and shorts. Officers wore the same Khaki-based uniforms which were introduced in the land divisions from 1890, before switching to the dacron blue uniform in 1969 along with the rest of the police force. When the Marine Police was reorganised and renamed as the Police Coast Guard in 1993, the uniform was also changed to the Combat (or No. 4) Uniform. This uniform consisted of a long-sleeved shirt and long pants made of a slightly tougher polyester, and does away with almost all metal parts via the use of velcro and plastic buttons. They don a blue beret, but are permitted to wear a baseball cap while on operational duties. Footwear is in the form of lace-up leather shoes with non-slip soles. Unlike the Combat Uniform worn by other units in the police force, the uniform adopted hidden plastic buttons to avoid entanglements, and does away with gutters since shoes, and not boots, are worn to allow rapid removal should water entry be required. In May 2005, the island Patrol Uniform was introduced, consisting of a helmet, dark blue polo top and Bermudas for officers performing bicycle patrol duties on Pulau Ubin[1]. These were introduced to project a softer image on the island where recreational activities abound, and to provide greater comfort for the officers in the humid outdoor weather. As part of a force-wide review of the police uniforms, the PCG adopted the new combat uniform similar to that currently worn by the Special Operations Command, albeit with a darker shade of blue. While they were introduced to overcome existing limitations of the current uniform, such as allowing for less-hindrance in body movement due to the more relaxed fit, and its non-flammable properties, they met with opposition from some officers who feel it projects the wrong image to the general public, including its "technician" look. Officers began to don the new combat uniform from 21 August 2006. 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4:18 pm	United States Army Uniform in World War II It is impossible to create a one-stop comprehensive source regarding all World War II uniforms and equipment, even for one nation, let alone only the major nations (Great Britain, Germany, Canada, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Japan). Because the war was fought around the world, many variations in uniforms and equipment existed. Uniform As a result of financial cutbacks to the United States Army during the inter-war period, the standard uniform combined elements of both the basic dress uniform and the basic field uniform. By combining the uniforms, it was thought that time and money could be saved. The “Class A” or dress uniform consisted of an olive-drab (OD) wool garrison cap, olive-drab wool trousers, an olive-drab wool shirt with a khaki cotton tie, a wool olive-drab four button tunic, and russet brown Type I service shoes. The “Class B” or garrison uniform consisted of the above, minus the tunic. The basic field uniform consisted of the basic wool uniform, without a tie, and with a field jacket. Footwear consisted of a basic low quarter tanned leather shoe used with heavy canvas leggings. Soon after the start of the war these shoes, which were also used as part of the Class A dress uniform, were replaced with a similar "roughout" version made from leather with a suede finish. Later in the war these shoes were in turn replaced by a higher boot with a buckled ankle flap that replaced the unpopular canvas leggings. Although other uniform parts were in use, the basic wool uniform saw the most use and had the greatest functionality, being able to keep the soldier warm in the winter with its insulation and cool in the summer with its breathability. A second and less common uniform, the Herringbone Twill (HBT) uniform was made up of heavy cotton weave. Initially it was meant to be worn over the basic wool uniform to provide greater warmth, but it proved to be better suited for hot weather climates than the wools and was more often than not used by itself under these conditions. It was also issued in training as “work fatigues”. Combat uniform Because combat was unpredictable, supply and circulation in all theaters of the war gave some soldiers (usually in the rear) more than enough amenities while giving men near the front barely any. As a result of this, it is impossible to declare a basic combat uniform for World War II. Variations of all types exist, and can be seen in the European Theater of Operations. By D-Day, the M-1941 Field Jacket was predominantly seen, along with the full wool uniform (see above) and/or a mix match (depending on the unit and how it was supplied) with HBT parts of clothing. The M-1943 uniform was also issued to paratroopers, just in time for Operation Market Garden in Holland, September 1944. As the Allies pushed eastward, photographs show evidence of more M-1943 jackets being worn, due to the high rate of replacements cycling in to replace dead and wounded soldiers. For example, browsing through photographs of the Battle of the Bulge, one finds photographs of soldiers wearing only the M-1941 Field Jacket, the M-1941 Field Jacket with the heavy wool overcoat, and the M-1943 Field Jacket. Officers can be seen wearing the M-1941 or M-1943 with the officer's overcoat, a khaki and lighter version of the enlisted heavy wool OD overcoat. Dress uniform The dress uniform varied at different periods and places during the war, as well as varying by a soldier's rank and status in the military. Earlier in the war, virtually all soldiers (officers and enlisted men) wore a four pocket tunic modeled after the Royal Air Force tunic worn by the British RAF. While officers had a darker, finer made tunic with cut pocket flaps, the enlisted men wore general issue tunics with square pocket flaps; partially due to the fact that enlisted men generally did not have access to custom made uniforms. The "earlier" uniform also included a Sam Browne belt. The shirt and trousers of the "earlier" uniform consisted of the basic mustard wool uniform (as mentioned earlier). The uniform also included polished russet brown shoes (Type I), and an overseas cap. The "later" uniform (focusing on the European Theater of Operations) consisted of the famous Ike jacket with the above mentioned uniform parts. In some cases (generally in the case of an officer), trousers were substituted with a chocolate brown colored trouser. Also, as GI's were issued "combat" boots later in the war, it became the fashion to wear the boots polished with the trousers bloused, or tucked, into the boots. 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4:15 pm	Major League Baseball uniforms Uniforms The official rules of Major League Baseball require that all players on a team wear matching uniforms, although this rule was not in force in the early days. Originally, teams were primarily distinguished by the colors of their stockings and the success of the Cincinnati Red Stockings popularized the adoption of sock color as the explicit identity of the club. The 1876 Chicago White Stockings actually wore caps of different colors. In 1882, the National League assigned stocking colors to the member clubs: red for Boston, white for Chicago, grey for Buffalo, blue for Worcester, gold for Detroit, green for Troy, and so on. That year, the league also assigned jersey and cap colors, but by player position rather than by club. Traditionally, when playing at home, teams wore uniforms that were mostly white with trim in team colors and when playing away, they wore uniforms that were mostly gray with trim in team colors. Aside from the obvious need to distinguish one team from the other, conventional wisdom held that it was more difficult to properly launder uniforms while on a road trip, thus the "road grays" helped to hide accumulated soil. This convention continued well after its original premise was nullified by the issuance of multiple uniforms and the growth of the laundromat industry. Starting in the 1970s, with the advent of synthetic fabrics, teams began using more color in their uniforms, notably the Kansas City Athletics in 1963, the San Diego Padres unusual brown and yellow scheme beginning in 1969, and the Houston Astros' rainbow stripes in the mid-1970s. In the late 1970s, the Pittsburgh Pirates began a trend of multiple combinations of differently colored jerseys and trousers and caps (with the options of black, yellow, and white with pin stripes). At one point in the 1970s, the Cleveland Indians had an all-red uniform. Starting in the 1990s, MLB clubs began heavily marketing licensed goods, such as caps and uniform jerseys to the public and this has resulted in a wide array of uniforms for each team. Now, some teams have not only a basic home uniform and away uniform, but also special "Sunday game" uniforms and uniforms that are worn only during batting practice and uniforms worn on singular events. From time to time, individual MLB teams have held "Turn Back the Clock Day", regularly-scheduled games in which teams donned uniforms in styles their predecessors wore generations earlier (sometimes called "throwback" uniforms), or other antique-style uniforms such as those of Negro League clubs. The Los Angeles Dodgers occasionally use the livery of their original identity as the Brooklyn Dodgers, on special anniversaries or occasions, for example such as in honor of the retirement of Jackie Robinson's uniform number 42 throughout professional baseball. In addition, in 1999, MLB staged "Turn Ahead the Clock Day," in which teams wore futuristic, somewhat strange-looking uniforms, including futuristic or science fiction references, such as the New York Mets being referred to as the "Mercury Mets." The result is that it is now often difficult to say which uniform is a team's "official" one. For example, the Cincinnati Reds used to wear a variety of caps: all red, red crown and black bill, black crown and red bill, and all black, until 2007, when only the all-red and red crown/black bill was brought back. In contrast from the pre-1990s era, in which there usually was just one home uniform and one road uniform (with certain exceptions, such as Oakland and Pittsburgh's complex combinations), today choices of what combination of uniform elements are worn are now sometimes left up to players. In some cases, aspects of the uniform that are considered official are now rarely worn, such as the New York Mets' all-blue home cap, which is rarely seen on the field today in favor of an "alternate" black-and-blue cap. Through 2007, The New York Yankees, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Chicago Cubs were the only teams that did't wear alternate uniforms. The Cubs, Dodgers and Giants had worn alternate uniforms in the past, but as of 2007 did not have one. In 2008, the Chicago Cubs reintroduced their alternate, all Blue uniform, while the Tampa Bay Rays did not include an alternate uniform in their redesign, becoming the only expansion team without an alternate uniform. Typically, home uniforms feature the team’s logo, insignia, or nickname, while away uniforms feature the name of the team’s home city or state. Currently, the Tampa Bay Rays, Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Philadelphia Phillies, St Louis Cardinals, and Milwaukee Brewers are the only exceptions to this rule. These teams feature the club nickname on both the home and away uniforms. The official rules state that: All players on a team must wear identical uniforms during a single game. Numbers: All players must wear their uniform numbers on the back of the uniform. Undershirt: If the undershirt is exposed then all the players on the team must wear matching ones. Numbers or other devices may be worn on the sleeve of the undershirt (for example, if it is worn with a sleeveless jersey), except that pitchers may not have such devices on their undershirt sleeves. The league office might require that each team have a single uniform for all games or requires that each team have a single, white home uniform and a single, non-white away uniform. With the elimination of the separate American League and National League administrations, it is unknown what the effectiveness of this rule now is. Sleeve length: The rules allow for minor variation in sleeve length, but they must be "approximately the same length" and the sleeves may not be "ragged, frayed or slit." No attachments: Tape or other attachments of non-matching color may not be used on uniforms. Pants may not be attached to the bottom of the shoe in any manner. No images of baseballs: No "pattern that imitates or suggests the shape of a baseball" may be used on uniforms. Notably, in apparent violation of this rule, the Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, Anaheim Angels, Florida Marlins and Philadelphia Phillies for many years had logos that incorporated the image of a baseball. However, while the Philadelphia cap logo clearly depicted the baseball, the logo worn on the uniform jersey did not feature the image of the stylized stitching indicating the image of a baseball. The Marlins logo, while depicting a baseball, can not easily be mistaken for one, as the team's namesake fish is displayed in front of the ball design. The Toronto Blue Jays had a similar design with a Blue Jay head on the front of the ball, and this logo was even used on the center (and later left-center)of the uniform itself. The classic Brewers "ball and glove" logo (with the team's initials, MB, stylized into the shape of a blue baseball glove surrounding a ball) made a comeback in 2006 on the hats of the Brewers' Sunday home uniforms and is now the Brewers' Friday home uniform. Also, many teams such as the Giants, Nationals, Rangers and the Mariners use uniform logos that clearly depict a baseball, the New York Mets have featured uniforms with a sleeve logo that imitates the appearance of a baseball since the team's inception in 1962, so it may be that the rule is not enforced, at least for caps. (The purpose of this rule is to prevent one team from deceiving the other. The National Football League has a similar rule, which states that no pattern that imitates or suggests the shape of a football). No glass buttons or polished metal. No commercial advertisements on uniforms. This rule is in variance with other professional sports, such as the Arena Football League in the United States, but especially outside the US (notably soccer), in which it is customary for uniforms to prominently display the logo of a sponsoring company. However, when the New York Yankees and Tampa Bay Devil Rays opened the season in Japan in 2004, an ad for Ricoh was clearly visible on the batters' helmets. When the Oakland Athletics and Boston Red Sox opened the 2008 season in Tokyo, not only did both teams wear batting helmets featuring the Ricoh ad; but also, the Red Sox featured a commercial advertisement for a New England-based business on their jerseys and the A's jerseys featured an advertisement for Pepsi. Exceptions are made for the manufacturers of the pieces of uniform or equipment upon which they are placed (i.e. the hat manufacturer's emblem may be on the hat). Names: "A league may provide that the uniforms of its member teams include the names of its players on their backs. Any name other than the last name of the player must be approved by the League President. If adopted, all uniforms for a team must have the names of its players." Again, with the elimination of separate administrations for the American and National leagues, it is unknown what the provenance of this rule is. (Currently, Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners is the only player to have his given name rather than his family name displayed on the back his uniform, having applied for this permission in order to continue being identified as he had been in the Japanese leagues. Vida Blue also used his first name on the back of his uniform when he played for the San Francisco Giants in the mid-1980s). As of 2007, the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox and San Francisco Giants do not display their players' names on their home uniforms; the Yankees also do not display them on their road uniforms. The New York Mets used alternate home uniforms without last names for the 1999 season. The names were returned the next season. The Chicago Cubs did not have names on their home or alternate jerseys for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. The names are now back on both jerseys. The Los Angeles Dodgers did not have names on the back of their home and road jerseys for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. Names returned on both jerseys in 2007. Another apparent violation of the concept of a "uniform" is that some players on a team will wear the traditional knee-breeches or "knickers" while other teammates are wearing the more-recent ankle-length, closely-cut trousers. Many clubs do this at both major and minor league level, with no apparent objections. On game days that do not require a special uniform (either by team or MLB request) it is generally (but not always) the starting pitcher for a team that chooses the uniform to be worn for that day's game. In his comedy routine "Baseball & Football," George Carlin observes that in baseball, as compared to football, the manager is required to wear the same uniform the players do. However, this was actually not true in the early years of the game. Player-managers were common, but non-playing managers whose realm was strictly the dugout often wore business suits, a common occurrence at the time. Retired players who became managers were more likely to continue to wear a baseball uniform (John McGraw, for example), especially if they were also active on the coaching lines; managers often doubled as third-base coach. By the late 1940s, nearly all managers were wearing baseball uniforms. Connie Mack was the last major league manager to wear a suit in the dugout until his retirement in the early 1950s; however, in contrast to the uniform-wearing managers, Mack rarely if ever stepped onto the field during a game; instead he sent uniformed coaches onto the field when a managerial presence outside the dugout was required. NOTE: antique western scarves fashione crystal earring ermenegildo zegna neckties fancy girls coats elastic fabric belt industrial rubber belt industrial flat belts footwear lv sunglasses form aligner brace fuse screw cap olive oil cap organza bridal gowns Indian designer kurti indian banarasi sarees imitation crab claw import baseball hats flat visor cap eva foam cap fake burberry sunglasses fake replica ties ems worldwide express emporio armant sunglasses era 59/50 caps fashion cap hats Embroidery Silk Scarf feather mask costumes famous purse brands fashion letter bracelet Genuine Leather Shoes Football Team Scarf (Comment on this)
4:11 pm	Major League Baseball uniforms Uniforms The official rules of Major League Baseball require that all players on a team wear matching uniforms, although this rule was not in force in the early days. Originally, teams were primarily distinguished by the colors of their stockings and the success of the Cincinnati Red Stockings popularized the adoption of sock color as the explicit identity of the club. The 1876 Chicago White Stockings actually wore caps of different colors. In 1882, the National League assigned stocking colors to the member clubs: red for Boston, white for Chicago, grey for Buffalo, blue for Worcester, gold for Detroit, green for Troy, and so on. That year, the league also assigned jersey and cap colors, but by player position rather than by club. Traditionally, when playing at home, teams wore uniforms that were mostly white with trim in team colors and when playing away, they wore uniforms that were mostly gray with trim in team colors. Aside from the obvious need to distinguish one team from the other, conventional wisdom held that it was more difficult to properly launder uniforms while on a road trip, thus the "road grays" helped to hide accumulated soil. This convention continued well after its original premise was nullified by the issuance of multiple uniforms and the growth of the laundromat industry. Starting in the 1970s, with the advent of synthetic fabrics, teams began using more color in their uniforms, notably the Kansas City Athletics in 1963, the San Diego Padres unusual brown and yellow scheme beginning in 1969, and the Houston Astros' rainbow stripes in the mid-1970s. In the late 1970s, the Pittsburgh Pirates began a trend of multiple combinations of differently colored jerseys and trousers and caps (with the options of black, yellow, and white with pin stripes). At one point in the 1970s, the Cleveland Indians had an all-red uniform. Starting in the 1990s, MLB clubs began heavily marketing licensed goods, such as caps and uniform jerseys to the public and this has resulted in a wide array of uniforms for each team. Now, some teams have not only a basic home uniform and away uniform, but also special "Sunday game" uniforms and uniforms that are worn only during batting practice and uniforms worn on singular events. From time to time, individual MLB teams have held "Turn Back the Clock Day", regularly-scheduled games in which teams donned uniforms in styles their predecessors wore generations earlier (sometimes called "throwback" uniforms), or other antique-style uniforms such as those of Negro League clubs. The Los Angeles Dodgers occasionally use the livery of their original identity as the Brooklyn Dodgers, on special anniversaries or occasions, for example such as in honor of the retirement of Jackie Robinson's uniform number 42 throughout professional baseball. In addition, in 1999, MLB staged "Turn Ahead the Clock Day," in which teams wore futuristic, somewhat strange-looking uniforms, including futuristic or science fiction references, such as the New York Mets being referred to as the "Mercury Mets." The result is that it is now often difficult to say which uniform is a team's "official" one. For example, the Cincinnati Reds used to wear a variety of caps: all red, red crown and black bill, black crown and red bill, and all black, until 2007, when only the all-red and red crown/black bill was brought back. In contrast from the pre-1990s era, in which there usually was just one home uniform and one road uniform (with certain exceptions, such as Oakland and Pittsburgh's complex combinations), today choices of what combination of uniform elements are worn are now sometimes left up to players. In some cases, aspects of the uniform that are considered official are now rarely worn, such as the New York Mets' all-blue home cap, which is rarely seen on the field today in favor of an "alternate" black-and-blue cap. Through 2007, The New York Yankees, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Chicago Cubs were the only teams that did't wear alternate uniforms. The Cubs, Dodgers and Giants had worn alternate uniforms in the past, but as of 2007 did not have one. In 2008, the Chicago Cubs reintroduced their alternate, all Blue uniform, while the Tampa Bay Rays did not include an alternate uniform in their redesign, becoming the only expansion team without an alternate uniform. Typically, home uniforms feature the team’s logo, insignia, or nickname, while away uniforms feature the name of the team’s home city or state. Currently, the Tampa Bay Rays, Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Philadelphia Phillies, St Louis Cardinals, and Milwaukee Brewers are the only exceptions to this rule. These teams feature the club nickname on both the home and away uniforms. The official rules state that: All players on a team must wear identical uniforms during a single game. Numbers: All players must wear their uniform numbers on the back of the uniform. Undershirt: If the undershirt is exposed then all the players on the team must wear matching ones. Numbers or other devices may be worn on the sleeve of the undershirt (for example, if it is worn with a sleeveless jersey), except that pitchers may not have such devices on their undershirt sleeves. The league office might require that each team have a single uniform for all games or requires that each team have a single, white home uniform and a single, non-white away uniform. With the elimination of the separate American League and National League administrations, it is unknown what the effectiveness of this rule now is. Sleeve length: The rules allow for minor variation in sleeve length, but they must be "approximately the same length" and the sleeves may not be "ragged, frayed or slit." No attachments: Tape or other attachments of non-matching color may not be used on uniforms. Pants may not be attached to the bottom of the shoe in any manner. No images of baseballs: No "pattern that imitates or suggests the shape of a baseball" may be used on uniforms. Notably, in apparent violation of this rule, the Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, Anaheim Angels, Florida Marlins and Philadelphia Phillies for many years had logos that incorporated the image of a baseball. However, while the Philadelphia cap logo clearly depicted the baseball, the logo worn on the uniform jersey did not feature the image of the stylized stitching indicating the image of a baseball. The Marlins logo, while depicting a baseball, can not easily be mistaken for one, as the team's namesake fish is displayed in front of the ball design. The Toronto Blue Jays had a similar design with a Blue Jay head on the front of the ball, and this logo was even used on the center (and later left-center)of the uniform itself. The classic Brewers "ball and glove" logo (with the team's initials, MB, stylized into the shape of a blue baseball glove surrounding a ball) made a comeback in 2006 on the hats of the Brewers' Sunday home uniforms and is now the Brewers' Friday home uniform. Also, many teams such as the Giants, Nationals, Rangers and the Mariners use uniform logos that clearly depict a baseball, the New York Mets have featured uniforms with a sleeve logo that imitates the appearance of a baseball since the team's inception in 1962, so it may be that the rule is not enforced, at least for caps. (The purpose of this rule is to prevent one team from deceiving the other. The National Football League has a similar rule, which states that no pattern that imitates or suggests the shape of a football). No glass buttons or polished metal. No commercial advertisements on uniforms. This rule is in variance with other professional sports, such as the Arena Football League in the United States, but especially outside the US (notably soccer), in which it is customary for uniforms to prominently display the logo of a sponsoring company. However, when the New York Yankees and Tampa Bay Devil Rays opened the season in Japan in 2004, an ad for Ricoh was clearly visible on the batters' helmets. When the Oakland Athletics and Boston Red Sox opened the 2008 season in Tokyo, not only did both teams wear batting helmets featuring the Ricoh ad; but also, the Red Sox featured a commercial advertisement for a New England-based business on their jerseys and the A's jerseys featured an advertisement for Pepsi. Exceptions are made for the manufacturers of the pieces of uniform or equipment upon which they are placed (i.e. the hat manufacturer's emblem may be on the hat). Names: "A league may provide that the uniforms of its member teams include the names of its players on their backs. Any name other than the last name of the player must be approved by the League President. If adopted, all uniforms for a team must have the names of its players." Again, with the elimination of separate administrations for the American and National leagues, it is unknown what the provenance of this rule is. (Currently, Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners is the only player to have his given name rather than his family name displayed on the back his uniform, having applied for this permission in order to continue being identified as he had been in the Japanese leagues. Vida Blue also used his first name on the back of his uniform when he played for the San Francisco Giants in the mid-1980s). As of 2007, the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox and San Francisco Giants do not display their players' names on their home uniforms; the Yankees also do not display them on their road uniforms. The New York Mets used alternate home uniforms without last names for the 1999 season. The names were returned the next season. The Chicago Cubs did not have names on their home or alternate jerseys for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. The names are now back on both jerseys. The Los Angeles Dodgers did not have names on the back of their home and road jerseys for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. Names returned on both jerseys in 2007. Another apparent violation of the concept of a "uniform" is that some players on a team will wear the traditional knee-breeches or "knickers" while other teammates are wearing the more-recent ankle-length, closely-cut trousers. Many clubs do this at both major and minor league level, with no apparent objections. On game days that do not require a special uniform (either by team or MLB request) it is generally (but not always) the starting pitcher for a team that chooses the uniform to be worn for that day's game. In his comedy routine "Baseball & Football," George Carlin observes that in baseball, as compared to football, the manager is required to wear the same uniform the players do. However, this was actually not true in the early years of the game. Player-managers were common, but non-playing managers whose realm was strictly the dugout often wore business suits, a common occurrence at the time. Retired players who became managers were more likely to continue to wear a baseball uniform (John McGraw, for example), especially if they were also active on the coaching lines; managers often doubled as third-base coach. By the late 1940s, nearly all managers were wearing baseball uniforms. Connie Mack was the last major league manager to wear a suit in the dugout until his retirement in the early 1950s; however, in contrast to the uniform-wearing managers, Mack rarely if ever stepped onto the field during a game; instead he sent uniformed coaches onto the field when a managerial presence outside the dugout was required. NOTE: antique western scarves fashione crystal earring ermenegildo zegna neckties fancy girls coats elastic fabric belt industrial rubber belt industrial flat belts footwear lv sunglasses form aligner brace fuse screw cap olive oil cap organza bridal gowns Indian designer kurti indian banarasi sarees imitation crab claw import baseball hats flat visor cap eva foam cap fake burberry sunglasses fake replica ties ems worldwide express emporio armant sunglasses era 59/50 caps fashion cap hats Embroidery Silk Scarf feather mask costumes famous purse brands fashion letter bracelet Genuine Leather Shoes Football Team Scarf (Comment on this)
3:40 pm	World War II German uniform The German army went through a large overhaul during the 1930s as its size grew once the Nazis came to power. The following is a general overview of Germany's main uniforms, though there were so many specialist uniforms and variations that not all can be included (camouflage smocks, Luftwaffe, tropical, extreme winter...). SS field uniforms began to break away in 1941 with minor design differences, but they are not included here. It should be noted that terms such as "M36" and "M43" were never designated by the Wehrmacht, but are names given to the different models of field tunic by modern collectors, to discern between variations as the "M36" was steadily simplified and tweaked due to production time problems and combat experience. M36 Uniform In 1936, the Wehrmacht adopted a new pattern uniform replacing the old Reichswehr uniforms of the Weimar Republic. The M36 tunic still retained the traditional Prussian uniform color of field gray wool with a dark green collar, four front tunic pockets (with scalloped flaps and pleats), and a row of five buttons. It also included an internal suspension system, whereby a soldier could hang an equipment belt on a series of hooks outside of the tunic. These hooks were connected to two straps inside the lining, which spread the weight of equipment without having to use external equipment suspenders. It was produced and issued until the very end of the war, though successive patterns became predominant. The M36 tunic was used alongside M37 (Stone-Grey) or M40 (Field-Grey) trousers in combat, which were also made of wool. M40 Uniform The M40 uniform was the first design change in the standard army uniform. It differed from the M36 only in the lack of a bottle green collar and shoulder boards, which began to be phased out in 1938/39, though most combat examples show this variation appearing in 1940, hence the unofficial M40 pattern. The M41 is exactly the same as the M40, but with a 6 button front due to the decline of material quality. M42 Uniform The M42 is essentially an M40/41 tunic, but with pleats removed from all the pockets to save on materials and production time. M43 Uniform The M43 saw the removal of all pleats and scalloped flaps from the field tunic, and pockets began to be cut straight rather than with rounded edges. A new design of field trousers was also introduced in 1943, replacing the old WW1 style straight legged "Langhosen". New features included tapered ankles (to help fit with new ankle boots and gaiters, which replaced jackboots beginning in 1941/42), reinforced seat and loops to allow a trouser belt to be used. They were the German soldiers favourite and most robust trousers, and were produced right up to the end of the war. M44 Uniform In 1944, in order to cut down on tailoring and production costs, the Wehrmacht introduced the M44 pattern uniform. Similar in appearance to the British battledress, the M44 was unlike any other German pattern uniform, and the first major deviation in German uniform design since 1936. The tunic skirt was shortened to half its original length, an internal belt was added, and the tunic could be worn open or closed collar. German insignia was still worn (collar litzen and shoulder boards). The rarely used and complicated internal suspension system was finally dropped. NOTE: fancy wooden bangles fashionable winter coats fendi xxxxx sunglass fashion garment accessories laminated cogged belt lacoste leather belt laredo wholesale hats knitted cotton garments louis vuittion belt Light Conveyor Belt kncok off sunglasses ladies' fashion hat kids sport sunglasses knitted blocking hat jewel ring bracelet neckwear scarf scarves offer new style art jewelry bracelet mens quality belts nature crystal bracelet artful dodger juicy lv silk ties artful dodger outerwear Metal Disc Belt Apparel Stock Lots Apparel Stock Lot Apparel And Fashions jordan era cap italian wholesale lots jeans and cap (Comment on this)
3:35 pm	United States Marine Corps 3 Culture As in any military organization, the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others. The Corps' embracement of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps.[13] Official traditions and customs A rendition of the emblem on the flag of the U.S. Marine Corps The Marines' Hymn dates back to the 19th century and is the oldest official song in the U.S. Armed Forces. The Marine motto "Semper Fidelis" means "always faithful" in Latin, often appearing as "Semper Fi"; also the name of the official march of the Corps, composed by John Phillip Sousa. The mottos "Fortitudine" (With Fortitude); By Sea and by Land, a translation of the Royal Marines' Per Mare, Per Terram; and To the Shores of Tripoli were used until 1868.[67] The Marine Corps emblem is the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, sometimes abbreviated "EGA", adopted in 1868.[68] The Marine Corps seal includes the emblem, also is found on the flag of the United States Marine Corps, and establishes scarlet and gold as the official colors.[69] Two styles of swords are worn by Marines.: the officers' Mameluke Sword, similar to the Persian shamshir presented to Lt. Presley O'Bannon after the Battle of Derna, and the NCO sword, the sword authorized to be carried by enlisted service members in the U.S. Armed Forces.[20] The Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on the 10th of November in a cake-cutting ceremony where the first slice of cake is given to the oldest Marine present, who in turn hands it off to the youngest Marine present. The celebration also includes a reading of Marine Corps Order 47, Commandant Lejeune's Birthday Message.[70] Close Order Drill is heavily emphasized early on in a Marine's initial training, incorporated into most formal events, and is used to teach discipline by instilling habits of precision and automatic response to orders, increase the confidence of junior officers and noncommissioned officers through the exercise of command and give Marines an opportunity to handle individual weapons.[71] An important part of the Marine Corps culture is the traditional seafaring terminology shared with its sister service, the US Navy. Marines refer to stairs as "ladders', walls are "bulkheads", floors are "decks", ceilings are "overheads", latrines are "heads", and the parade ground is always the "parade deck". Marines stand "watch" rather than guard duty; and their free time away from duty constitutes "liberty" rather than leave. Marines, like sailors and Naval officers, refer to their headgear as "covers". When one is at a MCB/MCAS/MCRD, they are "aboard" that facility, even if hundreds of miles away from an ocean. A frequently heard Marine response to an order is, "Aye, sir", or "Aye, aye, ma'am." Unofficial traditions and customs A recruiting poster makes use of the "Teufel Hunden" nickname. Marines have several generic nicknames: jarhead has several oft-disputed explanations. gyrene has dropped out of popular use. leatherneck refers to a leather collar formerly part of the Marine uniform during the Revolutionary War period. Devil Dog is oft-disputed as well,[72] but the tradition has expanded to include the bulldog's association with the Corps, especially as a mascot.[20] Some other unofficial traditions include mottos and exclamations: Oorah is common among Marines, being similar in function and purpose to the Army's hooah and the Navy's hooyah cries. Many possible etymologies have been offered for the term.[73] Semper Fi, Mac was a common and preferred form of greeting in times past. Improvise, Adapt and Overcome has become an adopted mantra in many units[74] Veteran Marines The ethos that "Once a Marine, Always a Marine" has lead to the objection to the use of the term "former Marine" or "ex-Marine," leading to a myriad of forms of address for those no longer on active duty: "Veteran Marine or Prior-service Marine" can refer to anyone who has been discharged from the Corps. "Retired Marine" refers to those who have completed 20 or more years of service and formally retired. "Sir" or "Ma'am" is appropriate out of respect. According to one of the "Commandant's White letters" from Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., referring to a Marine by their last earned rank is appropriate.[75] Marines that have left service with a less than full honorable discharge might still be considered Marines (depending on the view of the individual), however that title is also in keeping with a stigma, and many will avoid the issue altogether by addressing the individual by name with no other title. Martial arts program In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated an internally-designed martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is also a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines.[76] The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together. MCMAP consists of boxing movements, joint locking techniques, opponent weight transfer (Jujitsu), ground grappling (mostly wrestling), bayonet, knife and baton fighting, non-compliance joint manipulations, and blood restriction chokes. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, where they will receive the first of five available belts. Infantry weapons Marine sniper using the USMC Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR) The basic infantry weapon of the U.S. Marine Corps is the M16 assault rifle family, with a majority of Marines being equipped with the M16A2 or M16A4 service rifles, or more recently the M4 carbine—a compact variant. Suppressive fire is provided by the M249 SAW and M240G machine guns, at the squad and company levels respectively. In addition, indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher in fireteams, M224 60 mm mortar in companies, and M252 81 mm mortar in battalions. The M2 .50 caliber heavy machine gun and MK19 automatic grenade launcher (40 mm) are available for use by dismounted infantry, though they are more commonly vehicle-mounted. Precision fire is provided by the USMC Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR) and M40A3 sniper rifle.[77] The Marine Corps utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an offensive and defensive anti-armor capability. The SMAW and AT4 are unguided rockets that can destroy armor and fixed defenses (e.g. bunkers) at ranges up to 500 meters. The Predator SRAW, FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. The Javelin can utilize top-attack profiles to avoid heavy frontal armor. The Predator is a short-range fire-and-forget weapon; the Javelin and TOW are heavier missiles effective past 2,000 meters that give infantry an offensive capability against armor.[78] Ground vehicles The Corps operates the same High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) and M1A1 Abrams, as does the U.S. Army. However, for its specific needs, the Corps uses a number of unique vehicles. The LAV 25 is a dedicated wheeled armored personnel carrier used to provide strategic mobility.[79] Amphibious capability is provided by the AAV-7A1 Amphibious Assault Vehicle, an armored tractor that doubles as an armored personnel carrier, due to be replaced by the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, a faster tractor with superior armor and weaponry. The threat of land mines and improvised explosive devices in Iraq and Afghanistan has also seen the Corps begin purchasing heavy armored vehicles that can better withstand the effects of these weapons as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle program.[80] The Marine Corps has ordered 1960 MRAP vehicles, hoping to use them to replace all HMMWVs on patrols in Iraq.[81] Prior to 2005, the Marines operated exclusively tube artillery—the M198 155 mm howitzer, now being replaced by the M777 155 mm howitzer. However, the Corps has expanded its artillery composition to include the High Mobility Artillery rocket system (HIMARS), a truck-mounted rocket artillery system. Both are capable of firing guided munitions.[82] Aircraft MV-22 Osprey The organic aviation capability of the Marine Corps is essential to its mission. The Corps operates both rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft mainly to provide assault support and close air support to its ground forces. However, other aircraft types are also used in a variety of support and special-purpose roles. The light-attack and light transport capabilities are provided by AH-1W SuperCobras and UH-1N Hueys, slated to be replaced by the AH-1Z Viper and the UH-1Y Venom.[83] Medium-lift squadrons fly the CH-46E Sea Knight and CH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters, in the process of converting to the V-22 Osprey, a tilt-rotor aircraft with superior range and speed. Heavy-lift come from the CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter, eventually to be replaced with the upgraded CH-53K.[84] Marine attack squadrons (VMA) fly the AV-8B Harrier II; while Marine Fighter-Attack (VMFA) and Marine (All Weather) Fighter-Attack (VMFA(AW)) squadrons, respectively fly the single-seat and dual-seat versions of the F/A-18 Hornet strike-fighter aircraft. The AV-8B is a VTOL aircraft that can operate from amphibious assault ships, land air bases and short, expeditionary airfields, while the F/A-18 can only be flown from land or aircraft carriers. Both are slated to be replaced by the STOVL B version of the F-35 Lightning II, beginning training operations in 2008.[85] In addition, the Corps operates its own organic aerial refueling and electronic warfare (EW) assets in the form of the KC-130 Hercules and EA-6B Prowler. The Hercules doubles as a ground refueller and tactical-airlift transport aircraft. The Prowler is the only active tactical electronic warfare aircraft left in the U.S. inventory, and has been labeled a "national asset"; frequently borrowed along with Navy Prowlers and EA-18G Growlers to assist in any American combat action since the retirement of the US Air Force's own EW aircraft.[86] The Marines also operate unmanned aerial vehicles: the RQ-7 Shadow and Scan Eagle for tactical reconnaissance.[87] [88][dead link] Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (VMFT-401), operates F-5E, F-5F and F-5N Tiger II aircraft in support of air combat adversary (aggressor) training. Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX-1) operates the VH-3D Sea King and VH-60N Nighthawk helicopters in the VIP transport role, most notably Marine One, but are due to be replaced by the VH-71 Kestrel. A single Marine Corps C-130 Hercules aircraft "Fat Albert" is used to support the US Navy's flight demonstration team, the "Blue Angels". Marine bases and stations The "Commandant's Own" Drum and Bugle Corps The Marine Corps operates 15 major bases, 10 of which host operating forces.[89] Marine Corps bases are concentrated around the locations of the Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEF), though reserve units are scattered throughout the United States. The principal bases are Camp Pendleton on the West Coast, home to I MEF; Camp Lejeune on the East Coast, home to II MEF, and Camp Butler in Okinawa, Japan, home to III MEF. Other important bases are the homes to Marine training commands. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms in California is the Marine Corps' largest base and home to the Corps' most complex, combined-arms, live-fire training. Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia is home to Marine Corps Combat Development Command. It is considered the "Crossroads of the Marine Corps"[90] as most Marines will attend one of the many schools at Quantico at some point.[91] There is also Guantanamo Bay, which is located in Cuba and serves as a military prison and a hub for ground forces. Famous Marines Many famous Americans, such as the composer John Philip Sousa who directed the United States Marine Band for 13 years, have served in the Marine Corps. Tom Monaghan, the founder of Domino's Pizza, is a Marine. In politics, Senator Zell Miller, pundit James Carville, Secretary of the Navy and U.S. Senator Jim Webb and military analysts Anthony Zinni, Joseph Hoar and Bernard E. Trainor are Marines. Donald P. Bellisario the creator of Quantum Leap, Magnum P.I., JAG and N.C.I.S. is a veteran Marine. Baseball Hall of Famers Tom Seaver, Ted Williams, Rod Carew, Roberto Clemente, Eddie Collins, and Bill Veeck all served in the Marines. Professional boxers Leon Spinks and Barney Ross both served in the Marines, and so did former heavyweight champions Gene Tunney & Ken Norton. Football coach Vince Dooley served as well. Six astronauts, including Senator John Glenn, Charles F. Bolden, Jr., "Story" Musgrave, and Fred Haise, are Marine aviators. Several have succeeded in the entertainment industry, including actors Steve McQueen, Tyrone Power, Don Adams, Gene Hackman, Harvey Keitel, Lee Marvin and Drew Carey, talk show host Steve Wilkos, rock and roll singers The Everly Brothers, former Ramones member Christopher Joseph Ward (C. J. Ramone), and reggae musician Orville Burrell (Shaggy). R. Lee Ermey and comedian Jonathan Winters were both drill instructors prior to their renown. Oliver North is a veteran Marine, implicated in covert military actions not specifically authorized by Congress. Smedley Butler received two Medal of Honor awards and spoke out against war profiteers once he retired in War is a Racket. In addition, many films feature the U.S. Marine Corps.[16] Lee Harvey Oswald, the man suspected of the assassination President John F. Kennedy was a Marine, as was Charles Whitman, who killed 16 people and wounded 31 others at the University of Texas at Austin in 1966. NOTE: color cable ties coil rod tie children garments stocklots christian audigier hat Aluminum Lamp Cap aluminum screw caps angular cross braces american eagle outerwear and leather garments aluminum plastic caps aluminum cable tie cotton cloth caps crafts textile caps crocs sandals charms Debossed Silicon Bracelet coral necklace bracelet casing for oilfield alluminium metel bangles channel branded glasses burberry check shawls clothing excess lots fashion dress caps fashionable reading glasses Fashion And Apparels fancy agate bracelet BRANDED STOCK LOT brand name apparels brand name children brand leather belt black terrycloth bathrobe (Comment on this)
3:25 pm	United States Marine Corps 2 Organization The Department of the Navy, led by the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV), oversees both the Marine Corps and the Navy. The most senior Marine officer is the Commandant of the Marine Corps, responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Marine Corps so that it is ready for operation under the command of the Unified Combatant Commanders. The Marine Corps is organized into four principal subdivisions: Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC), the Operating Forces, the Supporting Establishment, and the Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES or USMCR). The Operating Forces are further subdivided into three categories: Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) assigned to unified commands, Marine Corps Security Forces guarding high-risk naval installations, and Marine Corps Security Guard detachments at American embassies. Under the "Forces for Unified Commands" memo, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of the regional unified commands at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense with the approval of the President. Since 1991, the Marine Corps has maintained component headquarters at each of the regional unified combatant commands.[51] Marine Corps Forces are further divided into Marine Forces Command (MARFORCOM) and Marine Forces Pacific (MARFORPAC), each headed by a Lieutenant General. MARFORCOM has operational control of the II Marine Expeditionary Force; MARFORPAC has operational control of the I Marine Expeditionary Force and III Marine Expeditionary Force.[20] The Supporting Establishment includes Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), Marine Corps Recruit Depots, Marine Corps Logistics Command, Marine bases and air stations, Recruiting Command, and the Marine Band. Relationship with other services In general, the Marine Corps shares many resources with the other branches of the United States military. However, the Corps has consistently sought to maintain its own identity with regards to mission, funding, and assets, while utilizing the support available from the larger branches. While the Marine Corps has far fewer installations both in the US and worldwide than the other branches, most Army posts, Naval stations, and Air Force bases have a Marine presence. United States Army The Marine Corps combat capabilities in some ways overlap those of the United States Army, the latter having historically viewed the Corps as encroaching on the Army's capabilities and competing for funding, missions, and renown. The attitude dates back to the founding of the Continental Marines, when General George Washington refused to allow the initial Marine battalions to be drawn from among his Continental Army. Most significantly, in the aftermath of World War II, Army efforts to restructure the American defense establishment included the dissolution of the Corps and the folding of its capabilities into the other services. Leading this movement were such prominent Army officers as General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall.[33] While the rivalry is still present today, most Marines and Soldiers adopt a more cooperative attitude when operating jointly. Doctrinally, Marines focus on being expeditionary and independent, while the Army tends more toward overwhelming force with a large support element. The emphasis on mobility and combined arms makes the Marine Corps a much lighter force than the Army. The Marine Corps maintains a larger percentage of its personnel and assets in the combat arms (infantry, artillery, armor, and close air support) than the Army. However, the Army maintains much larger and diverse armor, artillery, ground transport, and logistics forces, while the Marines have a larger and more diverse aviation arm, which is usually organic to the MAGTF. Marines tend to have better cohesion as an expeditionary unit, as well as being completely amphibious. The Marines often utilize the Army for the acquisition of ground equipment (as well as benefiting from Army research and development resources), training resources, and other support concepts. The majority of vehicles and weapons are shared with, modified, or inherited from Army programs. Culturally, Marines and Soldiers share most of the common US military slang and terminology, but the Corps utilizes a large number of naval terms and traditions incompatible with the Army lifestyle. Many Marines regard their culture to have a deeper warrior tradition, with the ethos that every Marine is a rifleman and emphasis on cross-training and combat readiness despite actual job, be it infantry or otherwise. United States Navy The Marine Corps' sister service under the Department of the Navy is the United States Navy. As a result, the Navy and Marine Corps have a close relationship, more so than with other branches of the military. Whitepapers and promotional literature have commonly used the phrase "Navy-Marine Corps Team".[52][53] Both the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and Commandant of the Marine Corps report directly to the Secretary of the Navy Cooperation between the two services begins with the training and instruction of Marines. The Corps receives a significant portion of its officers from the United States Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). NROTC staff includes Marine instructors, while Marine drill instructors contribute to training of officers in the Navy's Officer Candidate School. Marine aviators are trained in the Naval Aviation training pipeline. Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight. Most Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, with regards to acquisition and funding, and Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as chaplains or medical/dental personnel; naval personnel fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly Hospital Corpsmen and Religious Programs Specialists, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval and air bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction. Soon, the Marine Corps is also expecting to provide small detachments to permanently serve on Navy ships for security, vessel boarding, search and seizure operations, reprising their original role. Marines and Sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients wear the Navy variant of this and other awards;[16] and with few exceptions, the awards and badges of the Navy and Marine Corps are identical. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team is staffed by both Navy and Marine officers and enlisted men, and includes a Marine C-130 Hercules aircraft.[16] In 2007, the U.S. Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war.[54] This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, manmade or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States. United States Air Force While the majority of Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, some support is drawn from the United States Air Force. The Marine Corps also makes extensive use of the Air Mobility Command to airlift Marines and equipment around the globe. Air-ground task forces Today, the basic framework for deployable Marine units is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), a flexible structure of varying size. A MAGTF integrates a ground combat element (GCE), an aviation combat element (ACE), and a logistics combat element (LCE)[55] under a common command element (CE), capable of operating independently or as part of a larger coalition. The MAGTF structure reflects a strong tradition in the Corps towards self-sufficiency and a commitment to combined arms, both essential assets to an expeditionary force often called upon to act independently in discrete, time-sensitive situations. The history of the Marine Corps as well has led to a wariness of overreliance on its sister services, and towards joint operations in general.[5] A MAGTF varies in size from the smallest, a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), based around a reinforced infantry battalion and a composite squadron, up to the largest, a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which ties together a Division, an Air Wing, and a Logistics Group under a MEF Headquarters Group. The seven MEUs constantly rotate between themselves and their attached components to maintain a high state of readiness. Each MEU is rated as capable of performing special operations.[56] The three MEFs contain the vast majority of Active duty deployble forces. Special warfare Although the notion of a Marine special forces contribution to the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the 1980s, it was resisted by the Marine Corps. Then-Commandant Paul X. Kelley expressed the popular belief that Marines should support Marines, and that the Corps should not fund a special warfare capability that would not support Marine operations.[57] However, much of the resistance from within the Corps dissipated when Marine leaders watched the Corps' 15th and 26th MEU(SOC)s "sit on the sidelines" during the very early stages of Operation Enduring Freedom while other special operations units actively engaged in operations in Afghanistan.[58] After a three-year development period, the Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,600-strong unit, Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC), which would answer directly to USSOCOM.[59] Personnel Commandants Gen. James T. Conway, 34th Commandant of the Marine Corps As stated above, the Commandant of the Marine Corps is the highest-ranking officer of the Marine Corps; though he may not be the senior officer by time in grade. He is both the symbolic and functional head of the Corps, and holds a position of very high esteem among Marines. The Commandant has the U.S. Code Title 10 responsibility to man, train, and equip the Marine Corps. He does not serve as a direct battlefield commander. The Commandant is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and reports to the Secretary of the Navy.[60] The current and 34th Commandant of the Marine Corps is General James T. Conway, who assumed the position on November 13, 2006.[61] As of October 2007, Marine General James E. Cartwright (Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) is senior in terms of time in grade and billet to the commandant.[62] Rank structure As in the rest of the U.S. military, ranks fall into one of three categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, and enlisted, in decreasing order of authority (excluding the Air Force, which does not currently appoint warrant officers). To standardize compensation, each rank is assigned a pay grade.[63] Commissioned Officers are distinguished from other officers by their commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine Officer.[13] Warrant Officers are primarily former enlisted experts in a specific specialized field, and provide leadership generally only within that speciality. Enlisted Marines in the pay grades E-1 to E-3 make up the bulk of the Corps' ranks, usually referred to simply as "Marines" or "junior Marines." Although they do not technically hold leadership ranks, the Corps' ethos stresses leadership among all Marines, and junior Marines are often assigned responsibility normally reserved for superiors. Those in the pay grades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs). They primarily supervise junior Marines and act as a vital link with the higher command structure, ensuring that orders are carried out correctly. Marines E-6 and higher are Staff Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCOs), charged with supervising NCOs and acting as enlisted advisors to the command. The E-8 and E-9 levels each have two ranks per pay grade, each with different responsibilities. The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command-oriented, serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration and the morale and welfare of the unit. Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a unique rank and billet conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant. Different forms of address can be found at United States Marine Corps rank insignia and List of U.S. Marine Corps acronyms and expressions. Military Occupational Specialty Main articles: Military Occupational Specialty and List of United States Marine Corps MOS The Military Occupational Specialty is a system of job classification. Using a four digit code, it designates what field and specific occupation a Marine performs. Segregated between officer and enlisted, the MOS determines the staffing of a unit. Some MOSs change with rank to reflect supervisory positions, others are secondary and represent a temporary assignment outside of a Marine's normal duties or special skill. Initial training Two U.S. marines in combat training. Every year, over 2000 new Marine officers are commissioned, and 38,000 recruits accepted and trained.[20] Commissioned officers are commissioned mainly through one of three sources: Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), Officer Candidates School (OCS), or the United States Naval Academy (USNA). Following commissioning, all Marine commissioned officers, regardless of accession route or further training requirements, attend The Basic School (TBS) at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. At TBS, second lieutenants, warrant officers, and selected foreign officers learn the art of infantry and combined arms warfare. Along with the concept that "Every Marine is a rifleman", every officer, regardless of his MOS/billet, is qualified to be an infantry platoon commander.[13] Enlisted Marines attend recruit training, known as "boot camp", at either Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego or Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. Historically, the Mississippi River served as the dividing line which delineated who would be trained where, while more recently, a district system has ensured a more even distribution of male recruits between the two MCRD facilities. Females only attend the Parris Island depot as part of the segregated Fourth Recruit Training Battalion. All recruits must pass a fitness test to start training; those who fail receive individualized attention and training until the minimum standards are reached. Marine recruit training is the longest among the American military services; it is 13 weeks long, compared to the U.S. Army's 10 weeks. Following recruit training, enlisted Marines then attend School of Infantry training at Camp Geiger or Camp Pendleton. Infantry Marines begin their combat training, which varies in length, immediately with the Infantry Training Battalion (ITB). Marines in all other MOSs train for 29 days in Marine Combat Training (MCT), learning common infantry skills, before continuing on to their MOS schools which vary in length. NOTE: caps and scarves corset weddig gown cordless heated waist and shoelace.leather belt and kids brands aluminum oxide belts colorful evening gowns cogged v belts all appreal stocks all kinds cap christian audiger cap chiristian audigier caps Children Sports Wear alberto vargas necktie cinderella ballroom gowns clear distributor caps Children s Coats cheap silk ties all knit garments children's baseball cap buy silk scarves buy stock lot cheap dolce sunglasses cheap drinking glasses chanel copies sunglasses childrens fashion accessories cheap childrens eyeglasses branded designer ties brand name cap bottle screw cap (Comment on this)
3:21 pm	United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for providing force projection from the sea,[2] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. It is one of seven uniformed services of the U.S.. Administratively, the Marine Corps is a component of the Department of the Navy,[3][4] but it acts operationally as a separate branch of the military, often working closely with US Naval forces for training, transportation, and logistic purposes. Originally organized as the Continental Marines on November 10, 1775 as naval infantry, the Marine Corps has evolved in its mission with changing military doctrine and American foreign policy. The Marine Corps has served in every American armed conflict and attained prominence in the 20th century when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient and ultimately formed the cornerstone of the Pacific campaign of World War II.[5] By the mid 20th century, the Marine Corps had become the dominant theorist and practitioner of amphibious warfare.[6][7][8] Its ability to respond rapidly to regional crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy.[9] The United States Marine Corps, with 194,000 active duty and 40,000 reserve Marines,[10] is the smallest of the United States' armed forces in the Department of Defense (the United States Coast Guard is smaller, about one fifth the size of the Marine Corps, but serves under Homeland Security). The Corps is nonetheless larger than the entire armed forces of many significant military powers; for example, it is larger than the active duty Israel Defense Forces or the whole of the British Army.[11][12] Mission The United States Marine Corps serves as an amphibious force-in-readiness. As outlined in 10 U.S.C. § 5063, and originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947, it has three primary areas of responsibility: "The seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns; The development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces; and Such other duties as the President may direct." This last clause, while seemingly redundant given the President's position as Commander-in-Chief, is a codification of the expeditionary duties of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional Acts "For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps" of 1834, and "Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps" of 1798. In 1951, the House of Representatives' Armed Services Committee called the clause "one of the most important statutory—and traditional—functions of the Marine Corps." It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in the War of 1812, at Tripoli, Chapultepec, numerous counter-insurgency and occupational duties (such as those in Central America), World War I, and the Korean War. While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests.[13] In addition to its primary duties, the Marine Corps has missions in direct support of the White House and the State Department. The Marine Band, dubbed the "President's Own" by Thomas Jefferson, provides music for state functions at the White House. Marines guard presidential retreats, including Camp David,[14] and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of HMX-1 provide helicopter transport to the President and Vice President, using the call signs "Marine One" and "Marine Two" respectively. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service act, the Marine security guards of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American embassies, legations, and consulates at over 110 posts worldwide.[15] Historical mission At its founding, the Marine Corps was composed of infantry serving aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the security of the ship and her crew by conducting offensive and defensive combat during boarding actions, and defending the ship's officers from mutiny; to the latter end, their quarters on ship were often strategically positioned between the officers' quarters and the rest of the vessel. Continental Marines were also responsible for manning raiding parties, both at sea and ashore. America's first amphibious assault landing occurred early in the Revolutionary War as the Marines gained control of a British ammunition depot and naval port in New Providence, Bahamas. The role of the Marine Corps has since expanded significantly; as the importance of its original naval mission declined with changing naval warfare doctrine and the professionalization of the Naval service, the Corps adapted by focusing on what were formerly secondary missions ashore. The Advanced Base doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. The Marines would also develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II.[16] Its original mission of providing shipboard security finally ended in the 1990s, when the last Marine security detachments were withdrawn from U.S. Navy ships. Capabilities While the Marine Corps does not employ any unique combat arms, as a force it has the unique ability to rapidly deploy a combined-arms task force to almost anywhere in the world within days. The basic structure for all deployed units is a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that integrates a ground combat element, an aviation combat element, and a logistics combat element combat component under a common command element. While the creation of joint commands under the Goldwater-Nichols Act has improved inter-service coordination between the U.S. military services, the Corps' ability to permanently maintain integrated multi-element task forces under a single command provides a smoother implementation of combined-arms warfare principles.[5] The close integration of disparate Marine units stems from an organizational culture centered around the infantry. Every other Marine capability exists to support the infantry. Unlike some Western militaries, the Corps remained conservative against theories proclaiming the ability of new weapons to win wars independently. For example, Marine Aviation has always been focused on close air support and has remained largely uninfluenced by air power theories proclaiming that strategic bombing can single-handedly win wars.[16] This focus on the infantry is matched with the doctrine that "Every Marine is a rifleman," a focus of Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., emphasizing the infantry combat abilities of every Marine. All enlisted Marines, regardless of military specialization, receive training as a rifleman; all officers receive training as infantry platoon commanders.[17] The value of this culture has been demonstrated many times throughout history. For example, at Wake Island, when all of the Marine aircraft were shot down, pilots continued the fight as ground officers, leading supply clerks and cooks in a final defensive effort.[18] As a result, a large degree of initiative and autonomy is expected of junior Marines, particularly the NCOs, (corporals and sergeants), as compared with many other military organizations. The Marine Corps emphasizes authority and responsibility downward to a greater degree than the other military services. Flexibility of execution is implemented via an emphasis on "commander's intent" as a guiding principle for carrying out orders; specifying the end state but leaving open the method of execution.[19] The amphibious assault techniques developed for World War II evolved, with the addition of air assault and maneuver warfare doctrine, into the current "Operational Maneuver from the Sea" doctrine of power projection from the seas.[2] The Marines are credited with the development of helicopter insertion doctrine and were the earliest in the American military to widely adopt maneuver-warfare principles, which emphasize low-level initiative and flexible execution. The U.S. Marine Corps relies on the U.S. Navy for sealift to provide its rapid deployment capabilities. In addition to basing a third of the Marine Corps Operating Forces in Japan, Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU) are typically stationed at sea. This allows the ability to function as first responders to international incidents. The U.S. Army now maintains light infantry units capable of rapid worldwide deployment, but those units do not match the combined-arms integration of a MAGTF, and lack the logistics that the Navy provides.[5] For this reason, the Marine Corps is often assigned to non-combat missions such as the evacuation of Americans from unstable countries and humanitarian relief of natural disasters. In larger conflicts, Marines act as a stopgap, to get into and hold an area until larger units can be mobilized. The Corps performed this role in World War I, and the Korean War, where Marines were the first significant combat units deployed from the United States and held the line until the country could mobilize for war.[20] Origins The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the American Revolutionary War, formed at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress on November 10, 1775 to raise 2 battalions of Marines. That date is regarded and celebrated as the date of the Marine Corps' "birthday". At the end of the American Revolution in 1783, both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded, and although individual Marines were enlisted for the few American naval vessels left, the institution itself would not be resurrected until 1798. In that year, in preparation for the Naval War with France, Congress created the United States Navy and Marine Corps.[21] The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred during the First Barbary War (1801–1805) against the Barbary pirates,[22] when William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon led seven Marines and 300 mercenaries in an effort to capture Tripoli. Though they only reached Derna, the action at Tripoli has been immortalized in the Marines' hymn and the Mameluke Sword carried by Marine officers.[23] During the War of 1812, Marine naval detachments took part in the great frigate duels that characterized the war, which were the first American victories in the conflict. Their most significant contributions were delaying the British march to Washington, D.C. at the Battle of Bladensburg and holding the center of Gen. Andrew Jackson's defensive line at the defense of New Orleans. By the end of the war, the Marines had acquired a well-deserved reputation as expert marksmen, especially in ship-to-ship actions.[23] After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a depression that ended with the appointment of Archibald Henderson as its fifth commandant in 1820. Under his tenure, the Corps took on expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Key West, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Sumatra. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting President Jackson's attempts to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army.[23] Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the Department of the Navy as a sister service to the U.S. Navy.[24] This would be the first of many times that the existance of the Corps was challenged. James Walker, Storming of Chapultepec (1847). Commandant Henderson volunteered the Marines for service in the Seminole Wars of 1835, personally leading nearly half of the entire Corps (two battalions) to war. A decade later, in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace in Mexico City, which would be later celebrated by the phrase "From The Halls of Montezuma" in Marines' hymn. In the 1850s, the Marines would see further service in Panama and Asia, escorting Matthew Perry's East India Squadron on its historic trip to the Far East.[25] With their vast service in foreign engagements, the Marine Corps played a moderate role in the Civil War (1861–1865); their most prominent task was blockade duty. As more and more states seceded from the Union, about half of the Corps' officers also left the Union to join the Confederacy and form the Confederate States Marine Corps, which ultimately played little part in the war. The battalion of recruits formed for the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces.[20] Five U.S. Marines with fixed bayonets, and their NCO with his sword. Washington Navy Yard, April 1864. Interim: Civil War to World War I The remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The U.S. Navy's transition from sail to steam put into question the need for Marines on naval ships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American lives and interests overseas. The Corps was involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years from the end of the American Civil War to the end of 19th century. They would also be called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States.[26] Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's tenure, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the Marine Corps emblem on November 19, 1868. It was also during this time that "The Marines' Hymn" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "Semper Fidelis" (Latin: Always Faithful).[23] John Philip Sousa, the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine apprentice at the age of 13, serving from 1867 until 1872, and again from 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the Marine Band. During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines led U.S. forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. At Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, the Marines seized an advanced naval base that remains in use today. Between 1899 and 1916, the Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, including the Philippine-American War, the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899–1901), Panama, the Cuban Pacifications, the Perdicaris Incident in Morocco, Veracruz, Santo Domingo, and the Banana Wars in Haiti and Nicaragua; the experiences gained in counter-insurgency and guerrilla operations during this period were consolidated into the Small Wars Manual.[27] [edit] World War I Georges Scott, American Marines in Belleau Wood (1918). During World War I veteran Marines served a central role in the late American entry into the conflict. Unlike the U.S. Army, the Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and NCOs with battle experience, and experienced a relatively smaller expansion. Here, the Marines fought their famed battle at Belleau Wood, creating the Marines' reputation in modern history. While its previous expeditionary experiences had not earned it much acclaim in the Western world, the Marines' fierceness and toughness in France earned them the respect of the Germans, who rated them of stormtrooper quality. Though Marines and American media reported that Germans had nicknamed them Teufel Hunden as meaning "Devil Dogs," there is no evidence of this in German records (as Teufelshunde would be the proper German phrase), it was possibly American propaganda. Nevertheless, the name stuck.[28] The Corps had entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel, and by November 11, 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 men.[29] Between the World Wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant John A. Lejeune, and under his leadership, the Corps presciently studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lt. Col. Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis, foresaw a war in the Pacific with Japan and took preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.[30] World War II US Marines on Iwo Jima raise the American flag. In World War II, the Marines played a central role in the Pacific War. The battles of Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Cape Gloucester, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa saw fierce fighting between U.S. Marines and the Imperial Japanese Army. Philip Johnston proposed the use of Navajo as a code language to the Corps. The idea was accepted, and the Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. During the battle of Iwo Jima, photographer Joe Rosenthal took the famous photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima of five Marines and one Navy Corpsman raising the American flag on Mt. Suribachi. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, having come ashore earlier that day, said of the flag raising, "...the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years." The acts of the Marines during the war added to their already significant popular reputation. By war's end, the Corps expanded from two brigades to six divisions, five air wings, and supporting troops, totaling about 485,000 Marines. In addition, 20 defense battalions and a parachute battalion were set raised.[31] Nearly 87,000 Marines were casualties during World War II (including nearly 20,000 killed), and 82 were awarded the Medal of Honor.[32] Despite Secretary Forrestal's prediction, the Corps faced an immediate institutional crisis following the war. Army generals pushing for a strengthened and reorganized defense establishment also attempted to fold the Marine mission and assets into the Navy and Army. Drawing on hastily assembled Congressional support, the Marine Corps rebuffed such efforts to dismantle the Corps, resulting in statutory protection of the Marine Corps in the National Security Act of 1947.[33] Shortly afterward, in 1952 the Douglas-Mansfield Bill afforded the Commandant an equal voice with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters relating to the Marines and established the structure of three active divisions and air wings that remain today. Korean War Marine lieutenant Baldomero Lopez scaling the seawall at Inchon. The Korean War (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed Provisional Marine Brigade holding the defensive line at the Pusan Perimeter. To execute a flanking maneuver, General Douglas MacArthur called on Marine air and ground forces to make an amphibious landing at Inchon. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the Yalu River until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. X Corps, which included the 1st Marine Division and the Army's 7th Infantry Division, regrouped and inflicted heavy casualties during their fighting withdrawal to the coast, now known as the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the 38th Parallel until the 1953 armistice.[34] The Korean War saw the Corps expand from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 Marines, mostly reservists. 30,544 Marines were killed or wounded during the war and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor.[35] Vietnam War Operation Hastings: Marines on patrol The Marine Corps served an important role in the Vietnam War taking part in such battles as Da Nang, Hue City, and Khe Sanh. Individuals from the USMC operated in the Northern I Corps Regions of South Vietnam. While there, they were constantly engaged in a guerilla war against the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) and an intermittent conventional war against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). Portions of the Corps were responsible for the less-known Combined Action Program (CAP) that implemented unconventional techniques for counter-insurgency and worked as military advisors to the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. Marines were withdrawn in 1971, and returned briefly in 1975 to evacuate Saigon and attempt a rescue of the crew of the Mayagüez.[36] Vietnam was the longest war for Marines; by its end, 13,091[37][38] were killed in action, 51,392 were wounded, and 57 Medals of Honor were awarded.[39][40] Due to policies concerning rotation, more Marines were deployed for service during Vietnam than World War II.[41] While recovering from Vietnam, the Corps hit a detrimental low point in its service history caused by courts-martial and Non-Judicial Punishments related partially to increased Unauthorized Absences and Desertions during the war. Overhauling of the Corps began in the late 1970s, discharging the most delinquent, and once quality of new recruits improved, the Corps focused on reforming the NCO Corps, a vital functioning part of its forces.[5] Interim: Vietnam to the War on Terror After Vietnam, the Marines resumed their expeditionary role, participating in the 1980 Iran hostage rescue attempt Operation Eagle Claw, the invasion of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and the invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause). On October 23, 1983, the Marine headquarters building in Beirut, Lebanon, was bombed, causing the highest peacetime losses to the Corps in its history (220 Marines and 21 other service members of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit were killed) and leading to the American withdrawal from the country. The year of 1990 saw Marines of the Joint Task Force Sharp Edge save thousands of lives by evacuating the British, French and American Nationals from the violence of the Liberian Civil War. During the Persian Gulf War (1990–1991), Marine task forces formed the initial core for Operation Desert Shield, while U.S. and Coalition troops mobilized, and later liberated Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm.[23] U.S. Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992–1995) during Operations Restore Hope, Restore Hope II, and United Shield to provide humanitarian relief.[42] Global War on Terrorism Following the September 11, 2001 attacks President George W. Bush announced a War on Terrorism. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of Al-Qaeda, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists".[43] Since then, the Marine Corps, alongside other military and federal agencies, has engaged in global operations around the world in support of that mission. Operation Enduring Freedom Marines and other U.S. forces began staging in Pakistan and Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October 2001 in preparation for Operation Enduring Freedom.[44] The 15th and 26th Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001, and in December, the Marines seized Kandahar International Airport.[45] Since, then Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. In 2002, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was stood up at Camp Lemonier to provide regional security.[46] Despite transferring overall command to the U.S. Navy in 2006, the Marines have continued to operate in the Horn of Africa into 2007.[47] Operation Iraqi Freedom Most recently, the Marines have served prominently in the Iraq War. The I Marine Expeditionary Force, along with the Army's 3rd Infantry Division, spearheaded the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[48] During the occupation of Iraq, Marines spearheaded both assaults on the city of Fallujah in April (Operation Vigilant Resolve) and November 2004 (Operation Phantom Fury).[49] Their time in Iraq has also courted controversy with the Haditha incident and the Hamdania incident.[44][50] They currently continue to operate throughout Iraq. NOTE: boto company limited boufant shower cap brand name scarves baby alpaca hats baby clothes coats burmese jade bracelet Bucket Elevator Belt bulk mp3 sunglasses camera filter brands burberry kid's coats cap with radio burberry womens coats belt and sunglasses belts caps hats best price stocklots best sauna belt bmn xxxxx caps body piercing anklet bueberry kid's coats brand name belts butt weld cap body shaping belt burberry bape belts braid sewn hats brand winter caps bouffant shower caps braid tape hats burberry ladie's overcoat burnout velvet shawls cable color tie (Comment on this)
Wednesday, September 24th, 2008
3:05 pm	Prada abandons summer fashion's easy road MILAN, Italy - Miuccia Prada is often a step ahead of the pack, so it was no wonder that her latest collection had little to do with what has been going on the Milan runway: easy dressing in light and airy styles. Her collection shown Tuesday was indeed light — she's into flesh-baring these days — but certainly not easy to wear — or walk in. Several models tottered and fell on the fish-decorated runway, as they slipped out of their ultrahigh-heeled platform sandals strapped at the ankle. Many finished their catwalk shoes in hand. The latest Prada collection is divided into categories from bra tops to dresses in python and fish prints, to variations of the old-fashioned night gown, to gilded evening wear. To underline the potpourri feel, all the models walked up and down the runway at the same time, creating the effect of a fashion kaleidoscope. Prada topped a long list of shows on the second day of the Milan fashion week that runs through Friday, including Jil Sander, Bottega Veneta, and Moschino. PRADA The only "easy" item in the new Prada collection is the latest Prada bag — a simple leather clutch. The bra top, an item that could never have shown up at Prada a decade ago, is worn with an off-the-shoulder jacket and below-the-knee skirt with lingerie velvet detailing, all in shimmering silk. The favorite style for the silk reptile and seashore prints is an overly loose sheath. The nightie dresses come in various fabrics and are strictly off-white, like clothes stashed away in a trunk. A series of wooly tops worn over a flared miniskirt brings the collection back to our days, only to lose it to the future in cosmic gilded gowns. JIL SANDER Raf Simons for Jil Sander stripped minimalist of its stiffness and livened up the staid Jil Sander label with soft contours — and fringes. The Belgian-born designer who took over at Jil Sander in 2005 managed to create floating, airy styles while maintaining the strict contours and conservative shades of minimalist fashion. Some examples: the back of a classic jacket is elegantly draped or cut out. Sleeves are slit open to turn into free-flowing panels, and vertical slashes on coats result in decorative loop panels. The biggest news is that Simons managed to take the frill out of fringe and uplift the silky strand to minimalist fashion heights. Each strand was embroidered separately onto a dress, coat or even a hand bag. The yesteryear lampshade effect worked especially well for inserts in dresses and jackets, lending extra softness. BOTTEGA VENETA Whatever the season or the mood, Thomas Meier, the German designer at Bottega Veneta offers chic styles with a modern touch. Picking up on next summer's easy-to-wear fashion, his collection includes ultra-soft leather wear, jersey skirts and tops, striped linen pantsuits, and delicately patterned silk shirt dresses. Sure to be a summer hit is the wide basket skirt worn with a simple sleeveless blouse reminiscent of the look favored by Audrey Hepburn in the classic film 'Roman Holiday.' MOSCHINO Taking its cue from the easygoing elegance offered by Italian designers this round, Moschino, known for its fashion sense of humor, served up an over-the-top collection for next summer. With an ironic fashion wand, Moschino turns roses into skirts and cropped jackets, embroiders a trench coat with ruffles, and decorates a simple stole with sweet bows. On the serious side, Moschino offers a series of perfectly styled couture outfits, highlighted by giant bags. NOTE: coiling embroidery shawl computer knitted hat close out stocklot hand dyed scarves fashion jewelry charm fashion copper bracelet fashionable style belt fashion woven suspender micro rings links mining machinery crown lady fleece outerwear lady shoes ballerina knitting glove scarf double v belt chemical machinery stocks child safty belt a&f jeans women a&f women coats novel reading glasses nylon yarn stocks man silk necktie mens clothing stocklots magnetic hematite bangle imitation leather bracelet injection moulded caps imitate leather necktie indo western garments fr flying coverall gift flashing cap freshwater pearl bangle (Comment on this)
2:55 pm	Milan Fashion Week revels in the detail Burberry Prorsum Just when you think Christopher Bailey has done everything that can possibly be done with a beanie, a trench-coat and a loosely fitted dress, he makes you fall in love with them all over again. A couple of mitigating points. First, he tweaked his beloved style props slightly. The beanie is now a brimmed cloche, the shift dress is in gauzy, dip-dyed chiffon. Secondly, he does what he does very well. When a model mooches wistfully down that catwalk in a sweetly subdued grey, gently flared coat, her sandy coloured chiffon dress fluttering slightly, her chunky wooden jewellery (this is a brand steadily evolving its accessories) nicely underplayed by her dun-coloured ankle socks, for a moment this almost looks like the fashion equivalent of cinéma vérité. But the high-waisted tulip skirts and skinny long cardigans have been pre-crumpled, the muddy hems on those coats are an expensive trompe l'oeil, courtesy of state-of-the-art dyeing techniques. So where next? Having successfully reconfigured Burberry for the über-luxury market, Bailey's personal preference for understatement sometimes seems to battle with the imperative to produce high-end luxe for the flash set. What we get is a charcoal snakeskin trench with a washed, lived-in feel that's embellished with metalwork and will cost a fortune: beautiful, but will muted bling prove too much of an oxymoron for Burberry's customers? LA Alberta Ferretti Searching for grittiness or even the remotest connection with reality on the catwalks of Milan is a bit like looking for sophisticated banter among the Harry and Wills set - unfair, because it's just not what they do. While Italy's designers privately express disquiet at current financial turbulence, there's little sense of sobriety in the shows, unless you count the sighting of some exotic skins dyed a depressing colour. Combat pants did put in an appearance at Alberta Ferretti, but they were lined with satin and worn with rose appliquéd tops and chiffon wraps. The cocktail set will always need something to wear, and this is where they come for sweet and refined prettiness as opposed to the more direct T-and-A approach of Roberto Cavalli. Ferretti loves chiffon and silks and glowing sweeps of purple, forget-me-not and petrol blue, oyster, burnt orange and raspberry sorbet. When she's at the top of her game - as she was for part of this collection - she makes poetic and lovely eveningwear, slicing chiffon into flyaway ribbons, twirling it into huge, lacy roses or pleating and gathering it into Fortuny-inspired lantern dresses. Sometimes her very skilled workrooms seemed to get carried away into a land where nothing is too much trouble: a pleat, a rose, a spot of ruching, a fringe... But when it was kept under control - a grey satin bias-cut maxi skirt with a simple ruffle rippling up the back seam, a backless silk chiffon long dress twisted at the front, or those rose appliquéd tops with slim trousers - it came together beautifully. LA Bottega Veneta If London is the capital of conceptual, wacky invention then Milan is the filter through which next season's trends spring forth. Luckily for Moschino, its offbeat aesthetic means it has had more practice than most in redefining the ruffle and flounce that has been spotted on every catwalk this week. While most of Milan has spent the past few years getting to grips with bondage-style dressing and mean, lean warrior machines, this is a label that has never been afraid to adhere to its signature detailing. And finally it has come into its own. Swishy swing coats in monochrome with exaggerated bows were a strikingly confident opening statement. And the clothes only got louder. Next up were bright emerald, raspberry and cornflower blue drop-waist dresses featuring tiers of frills, and slim-fitting coats that were worn either as eye-popping colour clashes or left to stand alone as bold colour blocks - all the better for elongating the body. Those seeking a neutral palette (stone, mushroom and black) were equally well catered for. The taupe, techno-fabric trench coat with its ruffled epaulettes succeeded in being quirky and yet still commercial. And which woman doesn't appreciate the forgiving cut of 1950s couture-ish shaped tops, skirts and cocktail dresses? Overall, this collection was pretty and feminine. But certainly not for wallflowers. CA Moschino If London is the capital of conceptual, wacky invention then Milan is the filter through which next season's trends spring forth. Luckily for Moschino, its offbeat aesthetic means it has had more practice than most in redefining the ruffle and flounce that has been spotted on every catwalk this week. While most of Milan has spent the past few years getting to grips with bondage-style dressing and mean, lean warrior machines, this is a label that has never been afraid to adhere to its signature detailing. And finally it has come into its own. Swishy swing coats in monochrome with exaggerated bows were a strikingly confident opening statement. And the clothes only got louder. Next up were bright emerald, raspberry and cornflower blue drop-waist dresses featuring tiers of frills, and slim-fitting coats that were worn either as eye-popping colour clashes or left to stand alone as bold colour blocks - all the better for elongating the body. Those seeking a neutral palette (stone, mushroom and black) were equally well catered for. The taupe, techno-fabric trench coat with its ruffled epaulettes succeeded in being quirky and yet still commercial. And which woman doesn't appreciate the forgiving cut of 1950s couture-ish shaped tops, skirts and cocktail dresses? Overall, this collection was pretty and feminine. But certainly not for wallflowers. CA Jil Sander Raf Simons, creative director at Jil Sander, knows how to put on a seductive show, that's for sure. He even knows how to make fringing (rapidly emerging as a spring trend) look chic - no mean feat. Still, for rigorous minimalism with a 2008 slant, he's the man. That means ruthlessly pared-down jackets, some cut away high over the shoulderblades at the back and worn - let's assume this was for dramatic purposes only - over ribbed wool catsuits, others with graceful asymmetric hems grazing short skirts or shorts. It means variations on the sleeveless shift dress, some in pearly white leather, most gently egg-shaped, some with a curtain of shiny fringing spiralling from the nape at the front to the hem at the back - a sophisticated alternative to the jewelled embellishment so common on Italian eveningwear. It means kimono-inspired wrap coats, unadorned apart from the slits beneath the arm holes. And it means a colour palette borrowed from uniforms: black, midnight, dark wine. Problem is, it's unlikely that much of what made this a dramatic show - the bold cut-outs and fringed panels - will ever hit stores. We'll be left with a return to the skirt suit (at Sander at least) and more shift dresses, albeit superior ones. 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2:09 pm	L.A. Fashion Awards on Hiatus Until 2009 Organizers of the L.A. Fashion Awards are taking a break this season after drawing a veritable who’s who of Los Angeles designers and industry executives to their event for the past three years. The event was originally scheduled for October, but co-founder Jen Uner cited the current economy as the reason for the change in plans. “The L.A. Fashion Awards have tremendous support from the fashion community, but the business community hasn’t been able to step up the way it needs to happen to build the event,” she said. “Rather than produce something that is subpar, we decided to postpone it. We’re not interested in compromising the quality of the experience or the gravity of the honor.” The L.A. Fashion Awards was founded in 2005 by Uner and Mary Hill. The annual event drew such industry notables as designer Bob Mackie, who served as a presenter, retailer Ron Herman, who received the “Fashion Retailer Award” in 2005, and stylist and costume designer Arianne Phillips, who was honored in 2006. That year, Uner and Hill were invited by NASDAQ to lead a closing-bell ceremony in New York. Last year, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa attended the event. After addressing the crowd, the mayor watched the event with BCBG owners Max and Lubov Azria, who received the “Fashion Achievement Award.” Uner and Hill’s event filled a void left when the California Mart (now called the California Market Center) stopped producing its California Designer of the Year awards. For several years, Los Angeles had no event to showcase and celebrate its local design talent. And while the L.A. Fashion Awards offered a glitzy snapshot of the industry—and a much-needed networking venue—some complained that the many runway presentations, nominee spotlights and acceptance speeches went on too long. Uner and Hill took that into consideration in planning the 2009 event, which may feature a new format. “Our plan is to do a smaller, more-VIP event that is less about stage productions and more about celebrating the industry,” Uner said. Although she didn’t rule out the possibility of staging runway shows, she said she and Hill were looking at other possibilities. “We like the idea of doing gallery installations because the piece can continue after the event as a showcase to the public,” she said. Although dates have not been set, Uner said holding the event at the start of Los Angeles Fashion Week in the Fall helped bring retailers to the show. Juan Carlos Obando, who designed this cashmere lace dress, won the “Moss Adams Fashion Innovator Award” in 2007 at the L.A. Fashion Awards. Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa at the 2007 L.A. Fashion Awards NOTE: women outdoor jacket antique metal model embroidered pullover coat pke trading clothing ladies official garment Textiles And Garment packaging for garment authentic branded clothing brand name coat children's denim jacket iron plane model ed-hardy new jacket electro thermal clothes dentition teaching model hengxing fur garment fiber glass clothes electric rice-cooker model high visible garment apparel / clothes chinese minority clothes dead serious hoodies mesh for garment bike cordura jacket fibreglass kids mannequin dog safty coat Designer Denim Jackets female lying mannequins desert camouflage jacket headless female mannequin leather motorbike clothing (Comment on this)